Us History Exam 3

Front 1

Civilian Conservation Corps Relief

Back 1

program that crated jobs.
Paid unmarried men $1 a day to do outdoor labor like building dams and creating trails on national parks.

Front 2

Communist Party

Back 2

Leaders believed that the depression demonstrated the failure of capitalism-offered an opportunity for a revolution

Front 3

First Hundred Days

Back 3

Name given by journalists to the 99 days long session of Congress at the beginning of the New Deal.
Decided that they needed to have new forms of economic planning and create a range of relief programs.

Front 4

how did foreigners gain influence of Hawaii?

Back 4

-owned land and used it as leverage for power.
gradually pushed their culture on the Hawaiians and edged their way into having a say in government.
-the Hawaiians relied on the foreigners for trade

Front 5

In what ways were native Hawaiians losing control over their lives culture and land in the 19th century?

Back 5

-nudity outlawed, hula banned
-taught to read and write
-children sent to schools run by missionaries

Front 6

Indian Reorganization Act

Back 6

Gave federal recognition to Indian tribes.
Stooped the forced assimilation of different groups.
Restored Indians to tribal ownership.

Front 7

Memorial Day Massacre

Back 7

Workers and families marched towards a steel plants in Chicago to show support, the police forced them to disperse, one man got mad and threw something at the police. The policed attacked, killing ten men.

Front 8

Social Security Act

Back 8

Created a federal system to provide for the social welfare of American citizens
workers paid SS taxes and in turn received retirement benefits-federal pension system
-also created welfare programs, such as programs to help children without fathers present

Front 9

Taylor Grazing Act

Back 9

Imposed new restrictions on ranchers’ use of pubic land for grazing.
Saved the cattle industry, but ruined the Navajos economy(forced them to reduce the size of their herd)

Front 10

What aspects of Franklin Roosevelt’s personality and background made him better prepared than Hoover to deal with the depression?

Back 10

Overcame polio, increasing his resistance to problems and character.
Born into a politically prominent family

Front 11

What steps did FDR and Congress take to restore America’s confidence in their political and economic systems during the ‘first’ New Deal?

Back 11

The Emergency Banking Relief Act and fireside chats restored trust in the banks

Front 12

Ho Cho Minh

Back 12

Head of the Vietminh-a nationalist Vietnamese organization
Communist worker who worked to free his country from France

Front 13

Truman doctrine

Back 13

sppech given by truman that stated that they planned to support greece and turkey.
-provided $400 million to help the countries resist soviet rule
-encourage the US to "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed majorities or by outside pressures."

Front 14

Marshall plan

Back 14

The US’s financial help to the ‘European recovery program’
Sent $12.4 billion to western Europe
Spurred economic growth and helped contain communism, but caused inflation and further divided the east from west

Front 15

NATO

Back 15

North Atlantic Treat Organization
Mutual defense treaty between 12 countries agreeing that an attack on one country would be considered an attack on all.

Front 16

NSC-68

Back 16

Top secret document which predicted continues tension with communists and appealed for a larger military budget. Made the cold war a more expensive, far reaching affair than before.

Front 17

Berlin blockade

Back 17

The soviets cut off western land access including Berlin. Truman ordered a airlift of food, fuel and supplies to Berlin. The soviets eventually ended the blockade and founded the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

Front 18

Describe America’s interwar foreign policy of interdependent internationalism.

Back 18

Was active on a global scale but retained its independence of action
Wanted to work on how the world looked, participated in conferences, moral lectures, humanitarian programs and calls for peace.

Front 19

Describe the various attempts by American citizens and government to create a stable international order, including treaties

Back 19

Tried to keep stability by having a neutrality policy with Germany and maintaining the Open Door Policy with Japan.

Front 20

Identify the ways American culture and products were being “exported” around the world in the 1920’s and 1930s

Back 20

Our economy’s growth allowed for our culture to be spread to other countries.
Movies stimulated interest in American goods.
Our mass production methods and efficiency emphasis was adopted by many.
Coca-Cola, Ford cars, jazz, technology, foundations spread all over

Front 21

Kellog-Braind pact

Back 21

Sought to reduce tensions between Germany and France.
62 nations agreed to avoid war as a means to settling controversies. Although it had good intentions, there was no reinforcement.

Front 22

Explain the triangular nature of the post First World War debt problem

Back 22

American investors gave money to Germany, Germany paid reparations to the Allies and the Allies then paid their debts off to the US.

Front 23

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

Back 23

Gave the president the power to reduce tariffs up to 50% with foreign countries
Increased international trade, boosting our economy.

Front 24

Explain secretary of state Cordell Hull’s response to the intensified economic nationalism

Back 24

Hull believed that in order to come out of the depression we needed to revive world trade.
Increased trade would help our economy and help our chances for keeping the peace.
Pressed congress for the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

Front 25

Good Neighbor Policy

Back 25

Maintained the close ties by supporting sting local leaders, training their national guards, giving loans, supervising their finance etc.
Enacted by Roosevelt-meant the US would be less eager to launch military expeditions, reluctant to consult with Latin America, defend exploitative business practices

Front 26

Munich Conference

Back 26

France and Britain agreed to let Hitler have the Czechoslovakia territory (without consulting the Czechs). In return Hitler promised not to take any more land. (that promise didn't sat very long)

Front 27

Describe the war in the Pacific from Pearl Harbor through June 1942

Back 27

This war was mostly between Japan and the US. Britain and the Soviet Union stayed out of it for the most part.
By spring 1942, Japan had captured most of the colonies in southeast Asia, including the Philippines. The Filipino peole and troops were forced into camps and held as prisoners.
IN April the US started to fight back. They dropped bombs above Tokyo.
Japan aimed to capture Midway and therefore have control over most of the islands in the area. The US cracked the code talking about the attack and was on the offense for the first time. This was the turning point of the war, the beginning of the US victory.

Front 28

Compare the positions of Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin on the second (western) front.

Back 28

Germany was defeating in the east, taking over the Soviet Union. Stalin urged the US and Britain to attack from the west, opening a second front. Roosevelt strongly agreed with Stalin and promised to attack. Churchill opposed this plan, trying to avoid trench warfare like in WWI. Churchill urged attacking North Africa and blocking the shipping lanes in the north Atlantic first. Due to our small army Roosevelt followed Churchill in fighting North Africa while the Soviet Union barely hung on.

Front 29

Detroit race riot

Back 29

Due to different people moving to Detroit for work, tension rose among people groups. In June, whites roamed the streets attacking blacks. Blacks fought back by throwing ricks and dragging whites off streetcars.
Thirty hours total of rioting =25 blacks and 9 whites death

Front 30

Internment policy

Back 30

Due to heightened racism and suspicion, foreign born Japanese and Japanese Americans were forced into internment camps. This was only because they were of Japanese decent.
Many people fears a ‘sneak attack’ from these people.
Forbidden citizenship and land.

Front 31

Describe the mobilization of the American economy for the war and the war’s impact on American business, universities, science, and workers including Mexican Americans and women.

Back 31

Businesses-most businesses complied with producing war goods
the government funded expansions of factories and guarneenteed profits and gave tax write offs.
Universities-received millions of dollars of funding for research of new technologies of warfare and the atomic bomb.
Science-created secret communities for scientists to create the atomic bomb
Workers-war factories needed workers to produce goods, when the men were drafted, women, and minorities were given the men’s jobs. Although the Mexican Americans faced discrimination, they were given jobs they would have been denied before

Front 32

Operation Overlord

Back 32

The cross-channel invasion of France in early 1944. Also known as D-day, the Americans invaded Normandy, slowly making their way into Germany. This was the start to the success of the Allies

Front 33

Teheran conference

Back 33

The three allied leaders meet in December 1943. Together, they decided to launch operation overlord (opening the second front that the Soviets wanted) in the beginning of 1944. The soviets also promised to help the US with Japan once Germany was defeated.

Front 34

Potsdam conference

Back 34

Conference between the three allies. During this Truman learned that the testing of the atomic bomb has been successful, making our ties with the Soviet Union less necessary. Our relationship with them slowly weakened due to different priorites.

Front 35

Identify the domestic problems that faced the nation during the immediate post war period.

Back 35

Factories that produced war products were shut down and soldiers came back, increasing the unemployment rate.
Inflation rate rose significantly

Front 36

Taft-Hartley Act

Back 36

Permitted states to enact the right-to-work laws that outlawed “closed shops” in which all workers were required to join a union if the majority of workers voted in favor of the union.
Limited unions’ ability to expand their membership.

Front 37

GI Bill

Back 37

Also known as the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act
Showed the nations gratitude for the soldier’s service
Provided year-long benefits for soldiers and higher-education benefits. Tried to keep the adjusting men out of the job market and in school

Front 38

Cite the cause and effects of the postwar baby boom and the rise of suburbia

Back 38

Cause-The end of war brought economic recovery and hope for the future. Allowed people to marry younger and feel financially secure enough to have kids
Effects-the economy boomed due to the new demands they had to meet. Factories expanded to keep up. Schools, housing, job market and fads were all positively impacted
Suburbia grew from the baby boomers simply due to the large amount of people. Some wanted to get away from the city and noise, settle down and have family.

Front 39

Highway act of 1956

Back 39

Created 42,500 miles of highways.
Built to help commerce and speed up military travel in case of a threat
Allowed workers to live farther away from work .

Front 40

What explains Truman’s surprising victory in 1948?

Back 40

Spoke badly about the other candidates, hinting at their communist ideas.
Campaigned in Harlem and other areas that others ignored.
African Americans vote put him on top of the election

Front 41

What was his Fair Deal?

Back 41

Made in order for the government to fulfill its responsibility to provide economic security for the poor and elderly.
Supported civil rights, proposed national health insurance programs and federal aid for education.

Front 42

“dynamic conservatism”

Back 42

Eisenhower’s approach to government which was being conservative with money and liberal with human beings

Front 43

Rockefeller Foundation

Back 43

Organization started by oil industrialist John Rockefeller.
Donated millions of dollars to Latin American countries to help fight yellow fever.

Front 44

Henry Wallace

Back 44

Got replaced by Truman as Roosevelt’s running mate in 1944
Became secretary of commerce, spoke against Truman about war policies. Didn’t think ‘getting tough’ would bring real and lasting peace
Truman fired him.

Front 45

Nye committee

Back 45

A congressional committee that discussed the role of business and financiers in the US decision to enter war.
Proved that corporations had had bribed foreign politicians to bolster arm sales and lobbied against arms.

Front 46

George Kennan

Back 46

American in charge of affairs on Moscow.
Sent a telegram that told the US about the Soviets not being understanding of compromises.
Confirmed the US’s idea that only toughness on the Soviets would work.

Front 47

Suez Crisis

Back 47

Nassar (Egypt) wanted to nationalize the Suez canal, most of Europe’s oil came from the middle east, through the Suez Canal. The British and French conspired with Israel to invade Egypt in order to stop this. This made the US really mad since it took the attention off of the Soviet intervention in Hungary and Eisenhower thought Egypt would go to the Soviets for help. Eisenhower demanded that Britain, France, and Israel pull out, Egypt took possession of the canal and the Soviets built a dam in it.

Front 48

Termination policy

Back 48

Reversed the Indian Removal Act of 1934-allowed Indians to terminate their tribal status and remove their reservation from the federal protection.

Front 49

Benjamin Spock

Back 49

childcare expert that wrote a book called "baby and child care"
insisted that a mothers full time attention was necessary for a childs well being

Front 50

What were the three main crisis of this Unit?

Back 50

1-economic-the depression
2-"hot war"-WWII
3-"cold war"-The cold war

Front 51

What were the three "R's" of the New Deal?

Back 51

relief, recovery, reform (NC's on each)

Front 52

What did 'relief' in the New Deal entail?

Back 52

Relief-designed to help out those hurting the most
-Finiancial System-bank holidays, Emergency Banking act, FDIC
-Farmers-AAA, Farm Credit Administration
-Homeowners-Homeowners Loan Corporation
-Unemployed-Federal EMergyency Relief Act, CCC, FNA, WPA.

Front 53

What did 'recovery' in the New Deal entail?

Back 53

systematic solutions, get the economy working efficiently
-National Industrial Recovery Act
-National Labor relations Board
Ultimalty, this part of the New Deal was not very effective, WWII was what got us out of depression

Front 54

What did 'reform' in the New Deal entail?

Back 54

-National Labor relations Board
-Social Security
-Supreme Court-added justices

Front 55

Identify the major military operations undertaken by the allies in the European theater.

Back 55

1942-Batlle of Midway and Stalingrad
July 1943-Allies invade Italy and Sicily
June 1944-D-day
June-Sept 1944-Battle of Normandy
1944-45-Battle of the Bulge
May 1945- Victory in Europe

Front 56

Discuss the cause of the cold war. What events marked the onset? Was it inevitable?

Back 56

The friction between the two countries and the need for power lead to war. Both had a history of hostility, military power, and different political views. Some would argue that it was inevitable, but it is hard to say.
EVENTS-After WWII we helped to rebuit Germany, our traditional enemy. The Soviets saw this as ‘meddling in eastern Europe’ and disagreed with it.
We asked the Soviets to stay out of Latin America, which they saw as a double standard (we can intervene in Europe but they can’t in Latin America).
The atomic bomb/diplomacy

Front 57

Identify the issues that divided the two superpowers between 1945 and 1949

Back 57

The future of Poland->communist?
Future of Germany->the US helping to rebuild made Soviet Union mad
Policies towards the atomic bomb
Eastern Europe policies and governments

Front 58

Mao Zedong

Back 58

China’s communist leader who was revolted against in 1949.
The US backed Jiang Jieshi who fought against Mao.
Mao won the fight, china remained communist

Front 59

What were some of the consequences of the New Deal?

Back 59

Personalized the presidency and enlarged its power
Made a more regulated capitalism
Birth of modern welfare state
Federal government became the “broker state”-a mediator between competing interests
Revives a sense of patriotism and family unity
Gives this generation a deep sense of ‘costs’ and making it economically

Front 60

Why was there a new awareness of racism in the US after World War II?

Back 60

People saw what Germany did with racism and saw that it could be compared to their racism back home.
Soldiers came back with a heightened view of equality and that we lacked it.

Front 61

What negative events were still happening in response to racism during/after WWII?

Back 61

lynching
-Japanese internment
-riots in cities (LA, Detroit, etc)

Front 62

- What events set the stage for greater racial equality after WWII?

Back 62

-Movement of blacks into the cities->into social structures, became urbanized
-greater political voice in cities
-prosperity funded organizations like NAACP
-Truman creates the presidential committee for civil rights.
-international pressure- we are a super power but have problems being equal?
-Jackie Robinson-breaking the race barrier in organized sports

Front 63

What organizations/movements helped move blacks towards equality post WWII?

Back 63

-NAACP-goal was to reverse Plessy v. Ferguson
-CORE
-Labor unions
-grass roots movement to register voters-create a political voice
-mass action-Montgomery bus boycott

Front 64

What were the 2 stages towards reversing Plessy v Ferguson?

Back 64

1- arguing for equality in schools (if you qualify to go to law school, you should be allowed to). Courts decided they MUST be equal, states upgraded schools to avoid being fought against.
2- Brown v Board of Education and 4 other cases.
Separate is never equal, by nature separation is unconstitutional. Argued that this was setting the kids up for failure, implying inferiority.
Voted Unanimously unconstitutional BOO YAA.

Front 65

What were some arguments towards keeping the ‘separate but equal’ law?

Back 65

-happiness is promoted in segregation
-didn’t want a radical movement or to reverse the years of work of keeping it segregated.
-ending segregation will ruin educational system

Front 66

Economic nationalism

Back 66

The idea that the country wants to protect the economy, sometimes involves imposing tariffs and the restriction of exports

Front 67

National war labor board

Back 67

An organization made by Roosevelt to keep jobs during the war and prevent unemployment.

Front 68

Interest group democracy

Back 68

Roosevelt created during the new deal to create broad support.
Gave major interest groups at least part of what they wanted.
Aided bankers, farmers, corporations, homeowners, and unemployed.

Front 69

Beat Generation

Back 69

American writers in the late 1950s - 60s, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Jack Kerouac
celebrated non-conformity and spontaneous creativity.