U.s. History Exam #3

Front 1

Hoover vs. Al Smith, 1928 election

Back 1

Hoover:
Secretary of commerce through the Harding-Coolidge years who was elected president in 1928, crowning a career of steady ascent, first in mining, then in public service; Hoover's image combined the benevolence fitting a director of wartime relief and the efficiency of a businessman and administrator, but the market crash tainted the end of his presidency and recast him as a stubborn opponent of depression relief.

Front 2

Stock Market Crash, October 1929

Back 2

-stock market dropped by 80%
-speculative bubble = 80%
-U.S. Agriculture: farmers lost land because it depended on loans and borrowed against land (1/3 farmers lost land)

Front 3

Great Depression

Back 3

reasons: overproduction & overconcentration in auto/construction, profits not being put into employee salaries, buying power not keeping up for production/prices, investors seeking highest return= speculation, overspeculation
-80% of the population was hurt
-challenged America's sense of value of work
-didn't end until enormous amount of production was needed for WW2

Front 4

Banks failed

Back 4

assets (loans/ investments) vs. liabilities (deposits vs. retained earnings)
-during 1920s banks could take deposits and put in into loans and investments

Front 5

unemployment

Back 5

average rate: 25%

Front 6

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Back 6

Federal program established in 1932 under President Herbert Hoover to loan money to banks and other institutions to help them avert bankruptcy.
-to important industries

Front 7

Federal Home Loan Banks

Back 7

Act of 1932 that created a series of discount banks for home mortgages, as well as provided Savings and Loan (takes deposits and only makes mortgage loans) and other mortgage agencies a service much like that the Federal Reserve System provided to commercial banks.
-to secure housing
-gov't also issued regulation that Saving and Loan could give more $ for interest
-1980s: deregulated under Reagan

Front 8

Bonus Expeditionary Force/ Bonus March, 1932

Back 8

-43,000 WWI veterans marched on WA
-demanded for immediate bonus
-Congress voted no
-WA police called to disperse marchers
-army deployed Douglas MacAruther
-ordered by Patton and Eisenhower to march into crowd
-vomit gas
- 1,000 injured; 4 killed

Front 9

Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-1945

Back 9

Democratic nominee for vice-president in 1920 and cousin of Theodore Roosevelt who would later be elected president during the Depression in 1932, for the first of four terms (only Pres. elected >2).
-landslide in 1932 election
-most democratic = South
-1921: polio, many Americans never saw
-sent wife to sit among veterans during the 2nd Bonus Army March
-Fireside chats
-from ruling class background, but hated by wealthy class

Front 10

New Deal

Back 10

Franklin D. Roosevelt's campaign promise, in his speech to the Democratic National Convention of 1932, to combat the Great Depression with a "new deal for the American people"; the phrase became a catchword for his ambitious plan of economic programs.

-built on Teddy's Square Deal
-series of "let's see what works" solutions
-opportunistic, not planning/plotting a mvmt toward communism
-set up job programs, but never directly to people like welfare
-FDR believed all programs would be temporary
-ignited both ends of opposition: not far enough- Bundes, Natzis, Communists
*didn't bring end to Depression

Front 11

Glass-Steagall Act, 1933

Back 11

Banking Act of 1933 that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. A banking act of the Hoover administration, passed in 1932 and also known as the Glass-Steagall Act, was designed to expand credit.
-created a wall between securities/equities and banking sector

Five changes:
1. Regulation Q- of federal reserve, limit amt of interest paid on deposits, tone down competition with banks
2. FDIC
3. took U.S. off the Gold standard and bimetalism
4. Securities an Exchange Commision
5. National Recovery Act

Front 12

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Back 12

-under the Glass Steagall Act
-insured deposits up to $2,500

Front 13

National Recovery Act (NRA)

Back 13

Term for the sense of entitlement to federal support programs that workers developed due to Franklin Roosevelt's measures to relieve the human suffering and promote economic recovery.
-experimented with imposing wage and labor controls
-min. wage and age
-two sectors excluded: farm/ag sector- families, domestic sector- butlers, maids, etc.

Front 14

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Back 14

to regulate stock market
broad powers to regulate companies that sold stocks and bonds to the public, to set rules for margin (credit) transactions, and to prevent stock sales by those with inside information on corporate plans

Front 15

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Back 15

-paramilitary, under U.S. army
-service programs usually in state parks
-$30 per month sent home to families
-spurred from protest of Bonus Army March

Front 16

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Back 16

-programs to build schools and buildings
-used writers, actors, etc.
-"Slave Narratives" writers went out to find ex-slaves
-murals in banks and post offices depicted culture, agriculture, economy, and dairy industry

Front 17

Social Security Act, 1935

Back 17

Term for the sense of entitlement to federal support programs that workers developed due to Franklin Roosevelt's measures to relieve the human suffering and promote economic recovery.
-funded by payroll taaxes
-supplement retirement needs of poor
-excluded farm workers, domestic, and self employed (to get Southern support)
-conservatives complained as too radical

Front 18

Wagner Act, 1935 (National Labor Relations Act)

Back 18

Also known as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935; established the National Labor Relations Board and facilitated unionization by regulating employment and bargaining practices.
-guaranteed labor unions right to strike and market

Front 19

Dust Bowl

Back 19

Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed.
-esp. to California Valley area for jobs
-1 million left
-even people in East Coast affected
-lasted until end of decade
-The Grapes of Wrath

Front 20

TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority

Back 20

Created in 1933 to control flooding in the Tennessee River Valley (Appalachians), provide work for the region's unemployed, and produce inexpensive electric power for the region. and auto.
-enabled use of electronic devices = demand for technologies (fans, toasters, etc.)

Front 21

John Maynard Keynes

Back 21

-founder of macroeconomics
-plan to stimulate demand
-spending didn't increase enough until WWII

Front 22

1936 election

Back 22

Roosevelt vs. Landon
-landslide
-Roosevelt won a more decisive election than 1932
-80% of voters with less than 2,000 income voted for FDR

Front 23

summary of depression

Back 23

the movement of corporate welfare and private benefits to public welfare
-united Americans

Front 24

court-packing plan, 1937

Back 24

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges.

Front 25

German American Bund & American Nazis

Back 25

1930s
Bund = state, society, confederation

Front 26

House Un-American Activities Committee, 1938

Back 26

launched by Congressman Martin Dies of Texas
sparked fear of Communism through movie industry
blacklisted writers, actors, and authors

Front 27

Marian Anderson, 1939

Back 27

-famous for opera
-planned to perform in D.C. in Constitutional Hall which is run by the Daughters of the Revolution
-DAR refused because she was black
-Eleanor Roosevelt resigned from the DAR and planned for her to perform on Easter Sunday on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial

Front 28

Germany - NADAP (Nazis) - 3rd Reich

Back 28

NSDAP: National Socialist German Worker's Party
similar to Italy's fascists (Mussolini) and spains fascists (Franco)

1933- Hitler appointed by Hindenburg as the Chancelor (prime minister)
1934- Natzis in the majority of the vote = the beginning of the 3rd Reich

Front 29

Reichstag fire, 1933

Back 29

-1 month after Hitler was appointed
-communists accused- some beheaded
-Hitler used police to suppress unfriendly newspapers

Front 30

Gleichachaltung

Back 30

synchronizing society, eliminating differences, totalitarian power- limiting labor unions, etc.

Front 31

symbols, flags, unforms, ceremonies

Back 31

propaganda, totalitarian power

Front 32

blood (race), language (culture), Will

Back 32

Ideology of Natzis: theories that put Aryans on top or racial hierarchy and Jews, Black, and Americans on the bottom
-embodied the will of the people
-extreme form of nativism

Front 33

paramilitary SA and SS

Back 33

d

Front 34

"Triumph of the Will"

Back 34

filmed by Leni Reifentahl
-showed ceremonies and parades

Front 35

failure of League of Nations in China & Abyssinia

Back 35

1931: Japanese invaded NE parts of China
1937: Chinese killed

Front 36

Nuremburg Laws, 1935

Back 36

-1934: Natzi party congress in Nuremburg, Germany
-stripped citizenship from Jews

Front 37

1936 Olympics & Jessie Owens

Back 37

-hosted by Germany in Berlin
-4 gold medals, the most of any olympian at that time

Front 38

1936 Rhineland occupation

Back 38

-demilitarized after WWI
-Germany reasserted power

Front 39

1936 Spanish Civil War & Guernica

Back 39

-fascists aligned with Germany under Franco
1937: Guernica
-many Americans volunteered to fight against Fascists called Lincoln Brigade
-Hemingway's "For Whom the Bell Toles"

Front 40

Anchluss

Back 40

1938: union with Austria
-means linking or unification together
-enthusiastic welcome

Front 41

Sudetenland

Back 41

1938: German speaking region of Czechoslovakia

Front 42

Munich Agreement

Back 42

March 1938: Munich Conference
-Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini
-Sudentenland
-three conference over 3-4 weeks

Agreement- Hitler will take over Sudetenlad
-September 1938: entered Czech. first 6 months later

Front 43

Appeasement

Back 43

became a negative term = appeasing a dictator

Front 44

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Back 44

1939
-German communists 1st opposition group gone
-1 week later invaded Poland from both sides = declaration of war
1941: Germany reversed when invaded S.U.

Front 45

Axis nations vs. Allied nations

Back 45

Axis Powers
Group of Nations that formed in 1937 with the "Anti-Comintern Pact" between Italy, Germany, and Japan, but expanded when Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria were forced into the Axis fold, allowing Hitler to control nearly all of Europe.
-Germany plus Austria
-Italy
-Japan


Allied Nations
-U.K.
-Soviet Union
-U.S.

Front 46

Stalingrad

Back 46

1943: battle
-russian halted the Germans at Leningrad and Stalingrad
-killed or captured 330,000 German soldiers
-turning point of the war

Front 47

Pearl Harbor

Back 47

bombed by Japanese Navy
day after:
-G. and Italy declared war
-U.S. returned

Front 48

Pacific island hoping campaign

Back 48

Midway Island (Summer 1942)- U.S. sunk 3 submarines

Front 49

Japanese-American internment camps

Back 49

-U.S. concerned about Japanese-American citizens being spies

Front 50

Nisei 442nd Regiment

Back 50

Japanese Americans; literally, "second generation".
-recruited out of the internment camps
-most successful in war= proved others doubts wrong
-1 man had 21 medals of honor
-Camp Shelby, Mississippi

Front 51

D-Day

Back 51

June 6, 1944, when an Allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy coast and established a foothold in Europe from which Hitler's defenses could not recover.

-invasion of France
-greatest losses by Germany and S.U.
-had U.S. not been involved, S.U. would have demolished G.

Front 52

Battle of the Bulge

Back 52

-combined U.S. and Britain drove toward Berlin from the west
-pushed back across Rhine river into Germany
-Germany entered counterdefensive
- 6 weeks for the Allies to recover

Front 53

Yalta Conference

Back 53

February 1945
Meeting of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at a Crimean resort to discuss the postwar world on February 4-11, 1945; Soviet leader Joseph Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet domination.
-in old S.U.
-Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill
-land liberated with self decision in Europe
-S.U. agreed to enter war against Japan 3 months after the surrender of Germany

Front 54

V-E Day, May 8, 1945

Back 54

Germany surrendered, Hitler committed suicide, Mussolini executed

Front 55

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

Back 55

U.S. has still been the only country to decide to use atomic bombs

Nagasaki: 120,000 died plus later radiation sickness deaths

Front 56

V-J Day, August 15, 1945

Back 56

actual atomic weapons used

Front 57

Holocaust

Back 57

The wholesale extermination of some 6 million Jews along with more than 1 million others by the Nazis.

Front 58

FDR's 3 options to responding to the Depression

Back 58

did a combination of three:
1. blame and crack down on business
2. open up doors for business growth- reducing tax policies
3. help poor with programs

Front 59

Farewell: A Memoir of a Texas Childhood

Back 59

reverses normal order of biological generation- creates his parents, parents creates their parents