Urinary System

Front 1

What is the main function of the urinary system?

Back 1

to produce urine

Front 2

kidney's functions

Back 2

1) urine formation
2) pH regulation
3) body fluids & elect. reg.
4) long-term BP reg.
5) erythropoiesis

Front 3

Where kidney located?

Back 3

1) retroperitoneal (behind peritoneal cavity)
2) at L1

Front 4

What is the function of the ureter?

Back 4

transport urine from kidney to bladder

Front 5

urethra female

Back 5

shorter and wider
only for urinary purpose

Front 6

urethra male

Back 6

loner and narrower
urinary and reproductive purposes

Front 7

renal cortex

Back 7

outer portion

Front 8

renal medulla

Back 8

inner portion

Front 9

renal medulla divided into?

Back 9

renal pyramids

Front 10

base of pyramids

Back 10

towards the cortex

Front 11

apex of pyramids

Back 11

1) towards the medulla
2) aka "papilla"

Front 12

each papilla drain into

Back 12

minor calyx

Front 13

2 to 3 minor calyx join ot form

Back 13

major calyx

Front 14

2 to 3 major calyxes join to form

Back 14

renal pelvis (continuous with the ureter)

Front 15

the functional unit of the kidney

Back 15

nephron

Front 16

all the nephrons are in the

Back 16

cortex

Front 17

all of the urine is produced in the

Back 17

cortex

Front 18

path of blood flow (artery)

Back 18

1) renal artery
2) 1-2 segmental artery
3) several lobar arteries
4) interlobar artery
5) arcuate artery
6) interlobular artery
7) afferent afterioles

Front 19

path of blood flow (venous)

Back 19

1) interlobular vein
2) arcuate vein
3) interlobar vein
4) renal vein
5) inferior VC

Front 20

renal veins do not have

Back 20

segmetnal or lobar vein

Front 21

Which vessels establish the limit between cortex and medulla?

Back 21

arcuate vessels

Front 22

All of the glomeruras are in the

Back 22

cortex

Front 23

two types of nephrons

Back 23

1) cortical nephron
2) juxtamedullary nephron

Front 24

cortical nephron

Back 24

1) majority
2) most of tubular systems are in cortex

Front 25

juxtamedullary nephron

Back 25

1) minority
2) loof of Henle is deep in the medulla

Front 26

structure of the nephron starts at

Back 26

the end of the arrerent arteriole

Front 27

structure of the nephron

Back 27

1) glomerulus and Bowmans capsule (renal capsule)
2) proximal convoluted tubule
3) loop of Henle (descending & ascending limb)
4) distal convoluted tubule

Front 28

descending limb of loop of Henle

Back 28

1) thinner
2) goes down

Front 29

ascending limb of loop of Henle

Back 29

1) thicker
2) goes up

Front 30

distal convulted tubule goes into

Back 30

collecting duct

Front 31

collecting duct

Back 31

each nephron drain into 1 collecting duct, and each collecting duct receives several nephrons

Front 32

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 32

1) near the afferent arterioles
2) detect the BP related to flow of blood
3) recrete renin to adjust BP

Front 33

glomerulus

Back 33

1) a network of capillaries
2) starts with arteriole and end with arteriole

Front 34

proximal convoluted tubule

Back 34

1) epithelial cells
2) lot of mitochondria (energy needed)
3) lots of microvilli

Front 35

purpose of microvilli

Back 35

to increase the surface area for absorption/reabsorption

Front 36

major functions of proximal tubule

Back 36

1) active reabsorption
2) secretion

Front 37

descending limb of the loop of Henle

Back 37

1) thin segment
2) squemous epithelial cells
3) microvilli
4) small # of mitochondria
5) water easily diffuses from the thin segment into the interstitial space

Front 38

distal tubule

Back 38

1) sparce microvilli
2) numerous mitochondria
3) actively reabsorb Na, K, and Cl

Front 39

collecting ducts

Back 39

1) some microvilli
2) numerous mitochondria
3) actively reabsorb Na, K, and Cl

Front 40

three processes of urine formation

Back 40

1) filtration
2) reabsorption
3) secretion

Front 41

urine formation takes place in the organ's

Back 41

cortex

Front 42

filtration

Back 42

1) in glomerulus
2) non-selective
3) passive process

Front 43

definition of filtration

Back 43

is the movement of materials across the filtration membrane into the lumen of Bowman's capsule to form filtrate

Front 44

passive transport of filtration

Back 44

1) move both solute & solvent follows a pressure gradient (except for blood cells & proteins)

Front 45

normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Back 45

125 ml/min.

Front 46

glomerular (blood) hydrostatic pressure

Back 46

55 mm Hg

Front 47

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Back 47

30 mm Hg

Front 48

capsular hydrostatic pressure

Back 48

15 mm Hg

Front 49

net outward pressure

Back 49

10 mm Hg
55-(30+15)=10

Front 50

Glomerular filtration

Back 50

is the first step and a physical process

Front 51

process of glomerular filtration

Back 51

1) water and solutes filter out of the blood into Bowman's capsule through the glomerular-capsular memb.

Front 52

fluid filters out of gromerule into Bowman's capsule because of?

Back 52

a pressure gradient resulting from the hydrostatic pressure inside the gromeruli

Front 53

hydrostatic pressure inside the gromeruli

Back 53

is really high because the affarent art. is larger than the efferent one (more volume gets in than out in the time unit)

Front 54

hydrostatic pressure inside the gromeruli oppose to?

Back 54

1) capsular hydrostatic pressure
2) plasmatic oncotic pressure in the filtrate

Front 55

80 % of the normal GFR is reabsorbed by

Back 55

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 56

? ml/min. enter the loop of Henle

Back 56

25 ml/min.

Front 57

descending loop of Henle

Back 57

1) is permeable to water
2) 10 ml/min. are reabsorbed
3) leaving 15 ml/min.

Front 58

ascending loop of Henle

Back 58

1) is not permeable to water
2) permeable to Na with energy

Front 59

distal tubule

Back 59

1) 15 ml/min. enter the distal tubule
2) 13 ml/min. are reabsorbed
3) leaving 2 ml/min. to enter the collecting duct

Front 60

collecting duct

Back 60

1) absorb water with ADH
2) ~1 ml/min. is lost as urine by nephron

Front 61

hydrostatic pressure

Back 61

forces fluids and solutes circulating within the glomeruli towards the Bowman's capsule

Front 62

filtrate

Back 62

1) 180 L/day
2) includes everything but blood cells and large proteins
3) isotonic with plasma (290-300 mOsm)

Front 63

urine

Back 63

1) 1.5 L/day
2) can be hypotonic or hypertonic according to water intake

Front 64

glomerular filtration is regulated by?

Back 64

the kidney's intrinsic or auto regulatory systems
(will maintain a +/- constatnt GFR despite changes in BP)

Front 65

total blood volume

Back 65

1) is filtered every 45 min.
2) the ECF is reworked in the kidneys more than 10 times/day

Front 66

? % of GFR is reabsorbed

Back 66

~ 99 %

Front 67

active reabsorption

Back 67

1) glucose
2) aminoacids
3) lactate
4) vitamins
5) most ions

Front 68

up to 80% of the energy used in active transp. is to reabsorb what?

Back 68

Na

Front 69

transport maximum (Tm) for glucose

Back 69

375 mg/min.

Front 70

for protein reab.

Back 70

pinocytosis

Front 71

Na (gradients)

Back 71

1) drags Cl and HCO3 (by electrostatic attraction)
2) water follows Na (osmotic)

Front 72

proximal tubule reabsorbs

Back 72

1) all glucose and AA's
2) 75-80 % of Na
3) 75-80 % of water (without ADH)
4) nearly all K and uric acid
4) K, HCO3, PO4, urea

Front 73

proximal tubule secretes

Back 73

1) H
2) foreign substances

Front 74

tonicity of fluid in proximal tubule

Back 74

isotonic

Front 75

descending loop of Henle

Back 75

1) water reabsorption
2) Na diffuses in

Front 76

ascending loop of Henle

Back 76

1) Na reabsorption (active trans.)
2) water stays in

Front 77

distal tubule reabsorbs

Back 77

1) Na
2) water (ADH required)
3) HCO3

Front 78

distal tubule secretes

Back 78

1) K
2) urea
3) H
4) NH3
5) some drugs

Front 79

collecting duct

Back 79

1) reabsorption of water (ADH required)
2) reabsorp./secretion of Na, K, H, NH3

Front 80

water

Back 80

can leave the descending limb but not the ascending limb while Na can leave the asc.

Front 81

reabsorption of Na and H2O in distal and collecting tube is regulated by?

Back 81

hormones and depends on body needs (if no hormones acting = No reabsorption)

Front 82

ADH

Back 82

increase water reabsorption at distal tubule and collecting duct

Front 83

aldosterone

Back 83

increase Na reab. at distal tubule and cortical collecting duct