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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is NaCl reabsorbed?
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Proximal tubule.
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Normal daily urine output.
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1200-1500 mL; 1-2 L
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Define ogliuria.
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Decreased output <500mL/day.
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Name three major constituents of urine.
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Urea, chloride & water.
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Aldosterone; site of production & action.
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Adrenal Cortex & Na reabsorption.
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ADH; site of production & action.
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Posterior pituitary & water reabsorption.
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Major inorganic constiuent if urine.
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Chloride.
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Where is glucose reabsorbed?
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Proximal tubule.
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Which is decreased & increased in a urine out for a prolonged amount of time: nitrite, glucose, bacteria, cells, casts, bilirubin, urobilinogen, pH, ketones.
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Increased: nitrite, bacteria, pH
Decreased: glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, cells & casts. |
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Ammonia smelling urine is associated with
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an old specimin.
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"Mousy" smell to urine is associated with
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PKU
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Normal pH of urine. (NOT the range.)
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slightly acidic 6.0
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pH range of urine
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4.5-8.0
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Normal SG of urine range.
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1.002-1.035
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What is the highest SG the kidney can concentrate and what are values this high associated with?
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1.040
x-ray dye |
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What is the renal threshold for glucose?
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160-180 mg/dL
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Bleach causes a false
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+
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1. What is the "pass through" rxn?
2. What is done to help minimize the occurence of it? |
when the clinitest rxn goes from neg (blue) to pos (orange) back to neg...use the 2 drop method instead of the 5 drop method
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ketone confirmation test
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acetone test
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principle of the blood dipstick test
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2 step enzymatic procedure using peroxide
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Vit C causes false
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-
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Diazo rxn is the principle behind what dipstick test?
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bilirubin
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Pos dipstick bilirubin is associated with what 2 conditions?
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Bile duct obstruction & liver damage (hepatitis & cirrhosis)
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Ehrlich's rxn is the principle behind what dipstick test?
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Urobilinogen
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After bilirubin is conjugated, it leaves the liver and is transported into the intestines where is it converted into
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urobilinogen.
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1/2 of the urobilinogen produced in the intestines is excreted in the feces as
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urobilin
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Griess's rxn is the principle behind which dipstick test?
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Nitrite
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How long must urine be in the bladder in order for nitrate to be reduced to nitrite?
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4 hours
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Other than an old specimen and bacterial infection, when is alkaline urine seen?
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After eating.
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What dipstick test is associated with liver damage but not bile duct obstuction?
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urobilinogen
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Where are casts formed?
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In the distal convoluted tubules & collecting ducts.
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Major constituent of casts?
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Protein, esp Tamm-Horsfall.
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Ideal pH, output, & SG for the formation of casts. (Increased or decreased)
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decreased pH & urine output
increased SG (& protein) |
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Red cell cast is usually associated with
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glomerulonephritis.
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RBC cast indicates bleeding from which part of the kidney?
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Nephron.
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WBC casts are associated with
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pyelonephritis.
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Older hyaline cast that indicates urinary stasis.
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Waxy cast.
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What cast is considered a renal failure cast if broad?
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Waxy.
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Cast that forms in collecting ducts that have become dilated; can be formed from all cast types.
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Broad.
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7 Normal CRYSTALS that can be seen in urine. (3 acid/4 alkaline)
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acid: amorphous urates, uric acid, Ca oxalate/ alkaline: amorphous phosphates, triple phosphate, ammonium biurate, Ca carbonate.
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5 Abnormal urinary crystals.
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bilirubin, cystine, cholestrol, leucine, tyrosine.
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Normal crystals seen in acid urine pH <7.0
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Amorphpus urate, Ca oxalate & Uric acid
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Normal crystals seen in alkaline urine (pH greater than 7.0)
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Amorphous phosphate, Triple phos, Ammonium biurate, Ca carbonate,
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Crystal: small clusters of FINE needles
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bilirubin
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Crystal: colorless hexagonal plates
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cystine
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Crystal: rectangular plates with notched corners
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cholesterol
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Crystal: yellow-brown spheres (6 sided) with concentric circles or radial striations
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leucine
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crystal: fine, delicate needles (some times seen with yellow-brown spherical crystals)
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tyrosine
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crystal: pink sediment
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amorph urate
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crystal: yellow rhomboid form usually; can be a variety of shapes
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uric acid
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crystal: envelope shaped
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Ca oxalate
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crystal: white precipitate in urine
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amorph phos
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crystal: coffin lid
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triple phos
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crystal: thorny apple
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ammonium biurate
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crystal: dumbbell
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Ca carbonate
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How is powder distinguised from cholesterol? (both polarize light)
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powder is not round like cholesterol
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How can fiber be distinguished from casts?
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Casts do not polarize light, fiber does.
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Cast seen in nephrotic syndrome
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fatty cast as well as oval fat bodies
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Distribution of CSF tubes.
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1-chemistry, 2-micro, 3-hematology
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appearance, supernatant & presence of clots in CSF sample in hemmorhage vrs. traumatic tap
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hemmorhage: all tubes equally bloody, xanthochromic supernatant, no clots
tt: subsequent clearing of blood in each tube, clear supernatant, clots due to fibrinogen |
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Clinical significance of monosodium urate crystals seen in synovial fluid?
Ca pyrophosphate crystals seen in synovial fluid? |
MU-gout
CP-pseudogout |
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Significance of ogliclonal banding seen on CSF electrophoresis
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multiple sclerosis
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Transudate or Exudate?
colorless, SG is less than 1.015...protein less than 3g/dL...cell count is less than 1,000 microL associated with congestive heart failure |
transudate
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L/S ratio is used to access
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fetal lung maturity.
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AFP increase in amniotic fluid is associated with
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spina bifida.
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