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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Uric acid crystals appearance |
yellow-brown; pleomorphic; birefringent |
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Crystals soluble in alkaline and heat |
uric acid, and urates (amorphous, acid, sodium), tyrosine |
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Macroscopic appearance of acid urates |
Macroscopically resemble brick dust |
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Acid urates description |
Small brown spheres; may cluster in pairs and triplets |
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Sodium urates are usually found in? |
Synovial fluid |
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Sodium urates appearance |
Colorless birefringent needles |
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Commonly seen after refrigeration |
Amorphous urates, and amorphous phosphates |
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CCalcium oxalate dihydrate appearance |
octahedral envelope |
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Calcium oxalate is soluble in? |
Diluted Hydrochloric acid |
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Monohydrate calcium oxalate appearance |
oval or dumbbell shaped |
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Causes of increased uric acid crystals |
in gout, leukemia, and Lesch-Nyhan |
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Crystal associated with renal calculi |
Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate |
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Calcium sulfate appearance |
long, thin colorless needles or prisms identical to calcium phosphate |
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Appearance of amorphous urates microscopically |
appear as granular |
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Hippuric acid appearance
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yellow-brown or colorless, needles, rhombic plates, and four-sided prisms |
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Crystals soluble in diluted acetic acid |
Calcium sulfate, amorphous phosphates, calcium phosphate, and triple phosphate |
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Hippuric acid is soluble to? |
Hot water and alkali |
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Hippuric acid crystals are associated with? |
Foods containing benzoic acid |
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Radiographic dye appearance |
flat, colorless, notched, rhombic plates |
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Radiographic dyes are soluble in? |
10% Sodium hypochlorite |
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Sulfonamide appearance |
colorless to yellow-brown needles, sheaves of wheat, and rosettes |
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Ampicillin appearance |
colorless needles that tend to form bundles following refrigeration |
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Sulfonamide and ampicillin indication |
inadequate hydration among patients being treated for UTI |
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These crystals may cause tubular damage if formed in the nephron |
sulfonamide and ampicillin |
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Normal and iatrogenic crystals in acidic urine |
Uric acid, Urates, calcium oxalate, calcium sulfate, hippuric acid, radiographic dye, sulfonamide, ampicillin |
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Normal Crystals in Alkaline Urine |
Amorphous phosphate, calcium phosphate, triple phosphate, ammonium biurate, calcium carbonate |
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Other name for Triple Phosphate |
Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate |
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Amorphous Phosphate macroscopic appearance |
milky white |
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Amorphous phosphate microscopic appearance |
granular in appearance (alkaline) |
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Calcium phosphate appearance |
colorless, flat rectangular plates or thin prisms in rosette formations |
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Triple phosphate appearance |
Prism resembling coffin-lid |
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Ammonium biurate appearance |
yellow-brown spicule-covered spheres described as thorny apple |
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Calcium carbonate appearance |
Small, colorless, dumbbell or spherical crystals that may occur in clumps |
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Abnormal crystals
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Cystine, cholesterol, leucine, tyrosine, bilirubin |
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Ammonium biurate is soluble in? |
Acetic acid and heat |
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Sulfonamides are soluble in? |
Acetone |
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Calcium carbonate solubility characteristics |
Soluble in acetic acid with evolution of gas |
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Indicates presence of urea splitting bacteria |
Triple phosphate, and ammonium biurate |
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Cystine appearance |
colorless, hexagonal which may be confused with uric acid |
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Cystine is soluble in? |
dilute hydrochloric acid and ammonia |
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Rare cause of calculi formation |
cystine |
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Confirmatory test for cystine crystals |
Cyanide nitropruside test
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Cyanide nitropruside test result if positive for cystine |
red-purple |
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Appearance of cholesterol |
Rectangular plates with a notch in one or more corners |
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Cholesterol is soluble in? |
Chloroform |
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Cholesterol diagnostic significance |
Present in lipiduria e.g. in nephrotic syndrome |
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Appearance of leucine crystal |
yellow-brown spheres that demonstrate concentric circles and radial striations |
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Bilirubin appearance |
Clumped needles or granules with characteristic yellow color |
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Leucine is soluble in? |
Hot alcohol and alkali |
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It has an oily-looking sphere appearance |
leucine |
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Bilirubin is soluble in? |
HAc, HCl, NaOH, ether, Chloroform |
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Birefringent crystals |
uric acid, radiographic dye, triple phosphate, cholesterol |
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Appearance of tyrosine crystals |
fine colorless to yellow needles that frequently form clumps or rosettes |
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Most common artifact |
Starch granules |
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Starch granules appearance |
produces maltese cross pattern |
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Source of starch granules |
Gloves |
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Air bubbles, and oil droplets characteristics |
can be mistaken as RBC; oil has high refractive index |
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Differentiates RBC from air bubbles |
Lysis with acetic acid |
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Pollen grains characteristics |
seasonal contaminant; large spheres that cause microscopist to lose focus |
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Hair, fibers sources |
diapers and applicator sticks |
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Hairs and fibers characterstics |
mistaken for casts but they are longer, and refractile |
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Fecal elements contaminated urine characteristics |
may be from recto-vesicle fistula, and urine may contain vegetable cells and muscle fibers |
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Cigarette butt looking crystals |
Calcium sulfate |
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Can still be present in neutral or slightly alkaline urine |
Calcium oxalates |
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Iatrogenic crystals |
radiographic dye, sulfonamides, and ampicillin |
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Substance added to convert ammonium biurate to uric acid |
glacial acetic acid |
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Appearance of AMP in old specimens |
fern-like |
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Semi automated chemistry analyzers tests detected |
urine chemistry (9) and specific gravity (1) |
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Principle used in urine chemistry analysis |
Reflectance photometry |
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Fully automated chemistry analyzers tests detected |
color, clarity, urine chemistry, specific gravity |
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Automated clarity principle used |
turbidimetry or nephelometry |
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SG measurement in semiautomated chemistry principle |
Reflectance photometry |
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SG measurement in automated chemistry principle |
Refractometry |
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Urine sediment analysis test principle |
flow cytometry |
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Refractive index in old yellow IRIS models used? |
harmonic oscillation densitometry |
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Workstations or fully automated urinalysis systems or workstations principle for urine sediment analysis |
Flow cytometry or intelligent microscopy system |
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Tests measured in workstations |
color, clarity, urine chemistry, SG, urine sediment analysis |
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Automated microscopy analyzers measure? |
urine sediment analysis |
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Reflectance photometry is based on principle that? |
light reflection from test pads decreases in proportion to the intensity of color |
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Normal number of nephrons per kidney |
1-1.5 million |
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Cortical region of the nephron composes how much of it? |
85% |
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Juxtaglomerular cell of the nephron composes how much of it? |
15% |
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Normal renal blood flow |
1200mL/min |
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normal glomerular filtration rate |
120mL/min |
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SG of the glomerular filtrate |
1.010 |
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Factors affecting glomerular filtration |
cellular layers, hydrostatic pressure, and RAAS |
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Substance/s absorbed actively in PCT |
Glucose, Amino acids, salts |
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Substance/s absorbed passively in PCT |
water, and urea (40-50%) |
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Substance/s passively absorbed in DLoH |
Water |
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Substance/s actively absorbed in ALoH |
Chloride |
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Substance/s passively absorbed in ALoH |
Urea, Sodium |
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Substance/s that are actively reabsorbed in the DCT |
Sodium |
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substance/s that are passively reabsorbed in the collecting ducts |
Water |
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ADH acts upon what part of the nephron? |
DCT, and Collecting ducts |
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Liver disease casts |
leucine, tyrosine, bilirubin |
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Cigarette butt looking crystals |
Calcium Sulfate |
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Appears fern-like in old specimens |
Triple phosphate |
