In case study five, Fred is a healthy 44-year-old male, who after working outside in the heat started to complain of excruciating back, stomach, and groin pain. Further symptoms included diaphoresis, nausea and vomiting along with intermittent relief from the pain. Fred’s wife took him to the hospital in which an abdominal radiograph which revealed a right renal calculus in the ureter (urolithiasis).
Renal Calculi formation
Renal calculi are the most common form of upper urinary tract obstruction. Renal calculi formation has a complex etiology that may include anatomic changes, metabolic and endocrine influences, and high levels of stone components that interact among other components in the urinary system. Factors that influence the formation of calculi include the presence of a nucleus for crystal formation, supersaturated urine, and deficiencies of inhibitors of calculi formation. There are four types of renal calculi, which include cystine stones, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, uric acid stones, and the most common calcium stones in combination with oxalate and/or phosphate (Grossman & Mattson …show more content…
Repetitive occurrences of renal calculi are as high as 30 to 50 percent within five years. Education needs to center around opportunities in which to decrease the reformation of renal calculi by including information regarding the importance of being hydrated and drinking enough fluids. Low fluid intake and a warm day, may have contributed to low urine output and the increased potential in stone formation in Fred’s case. Hydration with fruit juices high in citric acid has also proven beneficial in the addition of fluid volume and citrate that prevents stone formation. Increased dietary calcium, oxalate, Vitamin C, and fish oil intake will also assist in decreasing renal calculi formation (Gul & Monga,
Renal Calculi formation
Renal calculi are the most common form of upper urinary tract obstruction. Renal calculi formation has a complex etiology that may include anatomic changes, metabolic and endocrine influences, and high levels of stone components that interact among other components in the urinary system. Factors that influence the formation of calculi include the presence of a nucleus for crystal formation, supersaturated urine, and deficiencies of inhibitors of calculi formation. There are four types of renal calculi, which include cystine stones, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, uric acid stones, and the most common calcium stones in combination with oxalate and/or phosphate (Grossman & Mattson …show more content…
Repetitive occurrences of renal calculi are as high as 30 to 50 percent within five years. Education needs to center around opportunities in which to decrease the reformation of renal calculi by including information regarding the importance of being hydrated and drinking enough fluids. Low fluid intake and a warm day, may have contributed to low urine output and the increased potential in stone formation in Fred’s case. Hydration with fruit juices high in citric acid has also proven beneficial in the addition of fluid volume and citrate that prevents stone formation. Increased dietary calcium, oxalate, Vitamin C, and fish oil intake will also assist in decreasing renal calculi formation (Gul & Monga,