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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many bones are in the phalanges (fingers and thumb) |
15
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How many bones are in the metacarpals (palm) |
5 |
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How many bones are in the carpals (wrist) |
8 |
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How many bones are there total within the hand and wrist? |
27 |
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what are the two portions of the thumb? |
proximal phalange distal phalange |
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what are the three portions of each finger? |
proximal middle distal |
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what are the three parts of each phalanx, starting distally? |
head body base |
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what are the three parts of each metacapal, starting proximally? |
base body head |
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Name the joint between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit .. |
interphalangeal joint |
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the joint between metacarpals and phalanges is... |
metacapalphalangeal joint |
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what is the largest carpal bone |
capitate |
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what is the name of the hooklike process extending _____ from the hamate |
anteriorly hamulus |
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which is the most commonly fractured carpal bone? |
scaphoid |
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in anatomic porision which of the bones of the forearm is located on the lateral .. thumb .. side |
radius |
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which bone is located on the medial .. pinky .. side |
ulna |
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The trochlear notch is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
Ulna |
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the radial notch is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
Ulna |
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the olecranon fossa is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
humerus |
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the trochlea is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
humerus |
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the coronoid tubercle is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
ulna |
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the coronoid process is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
ulna |
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the olecranon process is part of the:
Radius Ulna Distal humerus |
ulna |
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the coronoid fossa is part of the: |
humerus |
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what joint permits the forearm to rotate during pronation? |
proximal radioulnar joint |
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the articular portion of the medial aspect of the distal humerus is called the |
trochlea |
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the similar struture found on th e lateral aspect of the distal humerus is called the |
capitulum |
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the deep depression located on the posterior aspect of the distal humerus is called the |
trochlear notch |
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What are the 3 arcs? |
trochlear sulcus/groove ridges of the capitulum and trochlea trochlear notch
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What type of joint is the interphalangeal joint? |
ginglymus |
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What type of joint is the capometacapal of the first digit |
sellar
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What type of joint is the elbow joint |
ginglymus |
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What type of joint is the metacapophalngeal of 2nd to 5th digits |
ellipsoidal |
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What type of joint is the radiocarpal |
ellipsoidal |
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What type of joint is the intercarpal |
plane |
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What type of joint is the elbow joint |
ginglymus |
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What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint |
trochoidal |
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ellipsoidal joints are classified as ______, or _______, and allow movement in ____ directions. |
freely moveable diarthrodial 4 directions |
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True/False: palmar radiocarpal triangular fibrocartialge complex (TFCC) scapulolunate lunotriquetral |
True |
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which ligament of the wrist extends from the styolid process of the radius to the lateral aspect of the scaphoid and trapezium bones? |
radial collateral ligament |
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what is the name of the two special turning/bending positions of the hand and wrist that demonstrates medial and lateral spects of the carpal region? |
ulnar deviation radial deviation |
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of the two deviations, which one is most commonly performed to detect a fracture of the scaphoid bone? |
ulnar deviation |
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how does the forearm appear radiographically if pronated for a PA projection? |
cross over .. proximal radius over ulna |
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the two important fat stripes or band around the wrist joint are the .... |
pronator fat stripe scaphoid fat stripe |
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the fat pads around the elbow joint are valuable diagnostic indicators if the following three technical/positioning requirements are met with a lateral position |
eblow flexed to 90 optimal exposure factors in true lateral position |
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True/False: if the posterior fat pad of the elbow is not visible radiographically, it suggests that a nonobvious radial head or neck fracture is present. |
False not visible = negative exam |
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True/False excessive kV (analog imaging) may obscure the visiblity of a fat pad |
true |
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True/False trauma or infection makes the anterior fat pad more difficult to see on a lateral elbow radiograph |
false |
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which rounite projections best demonstrate the scaphoid fat pad? |
PA and oblique wrist |
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which routine projection best deomonstrates the pronator fat stripe? |
lateral wrist |
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What is the common kV range |
low to medium .. 50 to 70 analog 60 to 80 digital |
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do we use a long or short exposure time? |
short |
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do we use the large or small focal spot? |
small |
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what is the common minimal source to image receptor distance? |
40 inches .. 102 cm |
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grids are used if the body part measures greater than .... |
10 cm |
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type of intensification screens most commonly used for analog imaging: |
detail screens |
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small to medium dry plaster casts: increase kV by |
5 to 7 |
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large plaster casts: increase kV by |
8 to 10 |
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fiberglass casts: increase kV by |
3 to 4 |
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In correctly exposed radiographs we should be able to visualize ... |
soft tissue margins and trabecular markings of all bones |
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_______ is the radiographic procedure that uses contrast media injected into the joint capsule to visualize soft tissue pathology of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints |
arthrography |
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what is the routine positioning routine for the second through fifth digits of the hand? |
PA, oblique, lateral |
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how much of the metacarpals hsould be included for PA projection of the digits? |
distal aspect |
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list the two radiographic criteria used to determine whether rotation is present on the PA orojection of the digits |
equal amount of tissue symmetric appearance on both sides of shafts and distal metacarpals |
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where is the CR centered for PA oblique projections of the second digit? |
proximal interphalangeal joint |
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WHy is the AP projection of the thumb recommended insteal of the PA? |
decrease OID |
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which IR size should be used for a thumb projection |
8x10 |
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a sesamoid bone is frequently found adjacent to _____ joint of the thumb |
metacarpophalngeal joint |
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True/false: the entire metacarpal and trapezium must be demonstrated on al projections of the thumb |
true |
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where is the central ray centered for AP projections of the thumb |
first metacarpophalangeal joint |
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a bennetts fracture involves |
base of first metacarpal |
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which special positioning method can be performed to demonstrate bennett's fracture? |
modified roberts method |
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what degree of the CR angulation is required for the modified roberts method? |
15 degrees proximal |
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where is the CR cenetered for a PA projection of the hand? |
Third metacaprophalangeal joint |
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a minimum of ____ of the forearm should be included radiographically for a PA projection of the hand |
1 inch |
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True/False slight superimposition of the distal third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals may occur with a well-positioned PA oblique projection of the hand |
True |
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which preferred lateral position of the hand best deomonstrates the phalanges without excessive superimpostion |
fan lateral |
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which lateral projection of the hand best demonstrates a possible foreign body in the palm of the hand? |
lateral in extension |
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what is the proper name of the position referred to as the "ball-catcher's position" |
norgaard method |
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The "ball-catcher's position" is commonly used to evaluate for early signs of ...
osteoporosis osteomyelitis osteopetrosis rheumatoid arthritis |
rheumatoid arthritis |
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which alternative projection to the routnie PA wrist best deomstrates the intercarpal joint spaces and wrist joint? |
ap projection |
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which positioning error is involved if a majority of the carpal bones are superimposed in a PA oblique wrist projection? |
excessive lateral rotation |
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which of the following fractures is not demonstrated in a wrist routine
barton's pott's smith's colles' |
pott's |
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during the PA axial scaphoid projection with central ray angle and ulnar flexion, the central ray must be angled .. |
10-15 degreeds proximally |
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how much are the hand and wrist electated from the IR for the modified stecher method? |
20 degreeds
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hich speical projection of the wrist best demonstrates the interspaces on the ulnar side of the wrist betwen the lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, and hamate bones? |
PA ... radial deviation |
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which special projection of the wrist helps rule out abnormal calcifications in the carpal sulcus? |
tangential inferosuperior or gaynor-hart projection
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how much central ray angulation from the long axis of the forearm is required for the carpal bridge (tangential) projection? |
45 |
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the hand and wrist form a _____ degree angle to the forearm with the carpal bridge (tangential) projection |
90 |
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fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius |
barton's fracture |
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most common type of primary malignant tumor occurring in the bone |
multiple myeloma |
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reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue |
osteoporosis |
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sprain or tear of the ulnar collateral ligament |
skier's thumb |
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an abnormality of the acrtilage affecting long bones |
achondroplosia |
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transverse fracture extending through the distal aspect of the metacarpal neck, most often the fifth metacarpal |
boxer's fracture |
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hereditary condition marked by abnormally dense bone |
osteopetrosis |
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transverse fracture of the distal radius with posterior displacement of the distal fragment |
colles' fracture |
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narrowing of hte joint spaces with periosteal growths on the joint margins |
osteoarthritis |
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fluid-filled joint spaces with possible calcification |
bursitis |
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possible calcification in the acrpal sulcus |
carpal tunnel syndrome |
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soft tissue swelling and loss of fat-pad detail visiblity |
osteomyelitis |
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mixed areas of sclerotic and cortical thickening along with radiolucent lesions |
osteopetrosis |
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which routine projections are required for a study of the forearm? |
ap and lateral |
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True/False: for a forearm study, the technologist needs to include only the joint closest to the site of injury |
false |
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to properly position the patient for a AP projection of the elbow, the epicondyles must be ____ to the IR |
parallel |
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if a patient cannot fully extend the elbow for a AP projection, what alternative projections should be performed? |
2 AP. one humerus parallel to IR one forearm parallel to IR
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what view best demonstrates the interspaces on the ulnar side? |
radial deviation.
hamate, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform |
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what view best demonstrates the scaphoid? |
ulnar deviation |
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what view can you see the pisiform entirely? |
carpal canal |
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what is the styloid process and where is it located? |
distal ends of both the radius and ulna |
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what is the ulnar notch and where it is located? |
depression on the medial aspect of the distal radius. head of ulna fits into it
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what is formed from the ulnar notch? |
distal radioulnar joint |
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where is the head of the ulna located |
near the wrist at the DISTAL end |
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where is the head of the radius located? |
proximal end of the radius near the elbow joint |
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where is the olecranon process? |
top part of C can be palpated on posterior elbow |
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where is the coronoid process? |
bottom part of C |
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what is the coronoid tubercle? where is it? |
medial margins of the coronoid process opposite the radial notch |
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what is the trochlear notch? |
the C part of ulna that moves around humerus |
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what is the radial notch? |
small, shallow depression located on the lateral aspect of the proximal ULNA.
head of radius articulates with the ulna here. |
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what is formed from the radial notch? |
proximal radioulnar joint. |
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the two radioulnar joints allow what to happen? |
allows rotation of the forearm during pronation radius crosses over the ulna near the upper third of the forearm |
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True/False the radius fits into the radial notch which is located on the radius |
False.
Location: Ulna Radius fits into radial notch |
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the interphalangeal joints are what type of joints? |
ginglymus hinge |
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the metacarpophalangeal joints are what type of joints |
ellipsoidal .. condyloid |
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the carpometacarpal joints .. first digit .. is what type of joint? |
sellar .. saddle |
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the carpometacarpal joint .. second to fifth digit .. is what type of joint? |
plane .. gliding |
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the intercarpal joints are what type of joints? |
plane .. gliding |
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the wrist .. radiocarpal.. joint is what type of joint |
ellipsoidal .. condyloid |
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the proximal radiulnar joint is what type of joint |
trochoidal .. pivit |
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the elbow .. humeroulnar and humeroradial .. joint is what typoe of joint |
ginglymus .. hinge |
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the elbow joint .. proximal radioulnar .. joint is what type of joint |
tochoidal .. pivot |
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what is a bartons fracture? |
fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius .. involving wrist joints |
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what is a bennetts fracture? |
fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bones. extends into capometacarpal joint posterior displacement |
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what is a boxer's fracture |
transverse fracture that extends through metacarpal neck most common in 5th metacarpal |
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what is colles' fracture? |
transverse fracture of distal radius displacement posterioly |
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what is smith's fracture |
transverse fracture of distal radius displaced anteriorly |
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the trochlea articulates with what |
ulna |
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capitulum articules with what |
radius head |
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processes fit into .. |
fossas |
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what fossa(s) are anterior? |
coronoid radial |
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what fossa(s) are posterior? |
olecranon |
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the laterals superimpose ... |
epicondyles |
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what are the routine positions for a forearm? |
AP and lateral |
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what are the routine positions for a elbow? |
AP, both obliques, Lateral |
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what are the routine positions for a humerus? |
AP and lateral |
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what are the special positions for the elbow and humerus? |
coyle trauma acute flexion radial head lateral
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True/False: both the forearm and the humerus must be in the same plane when doing the lateral and AP positions of the forearm and elbow |
true |
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True/False: the humerus and forearm are classified as long bones |
true |
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True/False: you dont need to get both joints on the film for NEW injuries? |
false. you DO need to get both joints |
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True/False: For old injuries you may online need to get the joint closest to the fracture |
true |
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Forearms should always be done in what position? |
AP
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When can you do forearms PA? |
if the patient has a cast of just had one removed |
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Elbow: lateral .. external obliques .. best demonstrate what? |
the radial head, neck, capitulum |
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Elbow: |
coronoid process and trochlea in profile |
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Why do we use the coyle trauma position? |
shows us the radial head and coronoid process |
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how must the patient be positioned for a coyle trauma? Radial head |
Radial head: elbow flexed 90 degrees hand pronated CR angled 45 degrees towards shoulder entering at radial head |
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what degree do we angle the tube for a coyle trauma radial head |
45 degrees towards shoulder |
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how do we position a patient for a coyle trauma position .. coronoid process? |
elbow flexed 80 degrees hand is pronated cr is angled 45 degrees away from the shoulder entering mid-elbow joint |
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what is tendonitis? |
inflammation of tendon. common from overuse, infection, and rheumatic disease
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what is a cyst? |
abnormal closed sac containing fluid |
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what is chondroma |
tumor, growth of cartilage cells |
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what is osteoarthritis |
noninflammatory degenerative joint disease |
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what is bursitis? |
inflammation of bursa .. fluid sac where friction would occur ..
fluid filled sac that encloses joints |
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what is modified roberts method?
why do we use it? |
thumb angle tube 15 degrees towards wrist why? better look at carpometacarpal joints trapezium is also better visualized |
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how many degrees do we angle the tube and in what direction of PA axial scaphoid unlar deviation? |
10 to 15 degrees proximally |
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True/False: In an oblique wrist the radius and ulna should be superimposed |
false. slightly superimposed |
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True/False: in an oblique wrist the heads of 3, 4, and 5 of the metacaprals should be superimposed |
false. bases |
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In a lateral wrist the radius is ___. |
fowards |
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true/false: the metacaraps are slightly superimposed in a lateral wrist |
false. superimposed. |
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What is a PA scaphoid modified stretcher method? |
20 degrees angle tube or elevate hand
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What position shows the carpal canal? |
tangential gaynor-hart method |
