Chapter 5: Learning

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that occurs as a result of experience

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

Simplest form of learning where the learner makes an association between a stimulus and a response occurring close together

Front 3

Stimulus

Back 3

Anything that causes a reaction

Front 4

Response

Back 4

The reaction to a stimulus

Front 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 5

Any stimulus evoking an unlearned response

Hint 5

Food

Front 6

Unconditioned Response

Back 6

Reflex action innately elicited by a stimulus without the intervention of any learning process

Hint 6

Salivate

Front 7

Neutral Stimulus

Back 7

A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention; becomes CS

Hint 7

Bell

Front 8

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 8

Stimulus to which an organism has learned to make a response

Hint 8

Bell

Front 9

Conditioned Response

Back 9

An unnatural reaction that is learned

Hint 9

Salivate at sound of bell

Front 10

Extinction

Back 10

If bell is rung and no food is given over a period of time, the behavior will gradually weaken and disappear

Front 11

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 11

Behavior appears later

Front 12

Operant Conditioning

Back 12

A type of learning in which punishments and reinforcements are used to reinforce behavior

Front 13

Law of Effect

Back 13

We tend to repeat those behaviors that are rewarded and avoid those that are punished

Front 14

Difference Between CC and OC

Back 14

1. CC has no reinforcements

2. CC leaner has no choice

Hint 14

There are 2

Front 15

Discriminative Stimulus

Back 15

Learning that a behavior will be rewarded in one situation, but not in another

Hint 15

Going to dad for snacks rather than mom

Front 16

Shaping

Back 16

Technique of reinforcement used to teach new behaviors; at the beginning, people/animals are reinforced for easy tasks, and then increasingly need to perform more difficult tasks in order to receive reinforcement

Hint 16

Ex. Potty training rewards

Front 17

Positive Reinforcement

Back 17

Reward of some kind, occurs when a desired stimulus follows a behavior

Hint 17

Treats

Front 18

Negative Reinforcement

Back 18

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus; avoidance

Hint 18

Nagging

Front 19

Punishment

Back 19

Stimulus given after a behavior has occurred

Front 20

Positive Punishment

Back 20

Add an unpleasant stimulus to decrease likeliness of behavior

Hint 20

Giving chores

Front 21

Negative Punishment

Back 21

Take away a pleasant stimulus

Hint 21

Take away cell phone until grades are up

Front 22

Problems with Using Punishments

Back 22

1. Misbehave for attention, so punishing is actually a reward

2. Can lead to abuse

3. Represents inappropriate modeling

4. Too much emphasis on wrong behavior, doesn't teach correct behavior

5. Causes resentment towards punishers

6. Doesn't eliminate undesirable behavior, just suppresses it

Hint 22

There are 6

Front 23

Primary Reinforcer

Back 23

Intrinsically rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives (Don't need to learn value)

Hint 23

Love, attention, warmth

Front 24

Secondary Reinforcer

Back 24

Represent a value or associated with primary reinforcers (Must learn value)

Hint 24

Money

Front 25

Extinction

Back 25

Occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced

Front 26

Continuous Schedule

Back 26

Every response is reinforced

Front 27

Intermittent/Partial Schedule

Back 27

Response is reinforced some of the time

Front 28

Fixed Ratio

Back 28

Reinforcement given after a certain number of responses

Hint 28

Punch card

Front 29

Variable Ratio

Back 29

Reinforcement is randomly given

Hint 29

Gambling

Front 30

Fixed Interval

Back 30

Reinforcement given at a regular time

Hint 30

Paycheck

Front 31

Variable Interval

Back 31

Never know when reinforcement is coming; Varying amounts of time pass between reinforcements

Hint 31

Checking email

Front 32

Observational Learning

Back 32

We learn by observation and imitation of role models we choose

Hint 32

Albert Bandura: Bobo Doll Experiment

Front 33

Cognitive Learning

Back 33

1.

2.

3.

Hint 33

3 Descriptions

Front 34

Insight Learning

Back 34

Process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs

Hint 34

Aha! moment

Front 35

Latent Learning

Back 35

Hidden learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not displayed until a reinforcement is provided