Learning

Front 1

Classical conditioning

Back 1

comes from Ivan Pavlov; the learning process that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response (the ringing bell and dog experiment)

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Unconditioned stimulus

Back 2

a natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without a need for prior learning

Front 3

Unconditioned responce

Back 3

an unlearned response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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Naturel stimulus

Back 4

a stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning

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Conditioned stimulus

Back 5

this was originally the neutral stimulus. when systematically paired with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus as it gains the power to cause a response

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Conditioned response

Back 6

this is a learned response elicited by the conditioned stimulus

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Extinction

Back 7

the gradual weakening of a conditional behavior when the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditional stimulus

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Stimulus generalization

Back 8

occurs when stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus also elicit the conditioned response

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Stimulus discrimination

Back 9

the ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli

Front 10

Operant conditioning

Back 10

a learning process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by consequences that follows a response

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Reinforcement

Back 11

this strengthens a response and makes it more likely to occur

Front 12

Positive reinforcement

Back 12

a situation in which a behavior or response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus; the stimulus increases the probability that the response will occur again

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Negative reinforcement

Back 13

a situation in which a behavior or response is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus; increases the likelihood of a behavior by enabling a person to either escape an existing aversive stimulus or avoid it before it occurs

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Premack principal

Back 14

this states that the opportunity to engage in a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity

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Continuous reinforcement

Back 15

a reinforcement schedule in which all correct responses are reinforced

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Shaping

Back 16

a technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive attempts of a behavior until the entire routine is correct

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Intermittent reinforcement

Back 17

the rewarding of some but not all correct responses

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Fixed ratio schedule

Back 18

reinforcement occurs after a predetermined set of responses

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Variable ratio schedule

Back 19

reinforcement is unpredictable because the ratio varies

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Fixed interval schedule

Back 20

reinforcement occurs after a predetermined time has elapsed

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Variable interval schedule

Back 21

reinforcement occurs unpredictably since the time interval varies

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Punishment

Back 22

a process in which a behavior is followed by an aversive consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

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Positive punishment

Back 23

adding an aversive stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur

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Negative punishment

Back 24

taking away a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur

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Observational learning

Back 25

occurs by watching others and then imitating or modeling the observed behavior