Chapter 6.3 And 6.4 - Learning

Front 1

applied behavior analysis (aka behavior modification)

Back 1

procedure for determining the reinforcers that sustain an unwanted behavior and then reducing the reinforcements for the unwanted behavior and providing suitable reinforcers for more acceptable behaviors

Front 2

avoidance learning

Back 2

learning to make a response that avoids pain or some similar outcome

Front 3

belongingness

Back 3

concept that certain stimuli are regularly associated with each other and that certain responses are regularly associated with certain outcomes.

Front 4

chaining

Back 4

procedure for developing a sequence of behaviors in which the reinforcement for one response is the opportunity to engage in the next response.

Front 5

conditioned taste aversion

Back 5

tendency to avoid eating a substance that has been followed by illness when it was eaten in the past.

Front 6

continuous reinforcement

Back 6

reinforcement for every correct response

Front 7

discrimination

Back 7

1. in classical conditioning, making different responses to different stimuli that have been followed by different outcomes.

2. In operant conditioning , learning to respond in one way to one stimulus and in a different way to another stimulus.

Front 8

discriminative stimulus

Back 8

stimulus that indicates on which occasion a response will produce a certain consequence.

Front 9

disequilibrium principle

Back 9

principle that an opportunity to engage in any deprived activity will be a reinforcer because it restores equilibrium.

Front 10

escape learning

Back 10

learning to escape from an event such as shock.

Front 11

extinction

Back 11

a. In classical conditioning, the dying out of the conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

b. In operant conditioining, the weakening of the response after a period without reinforcement.

Front 12

fixed interval schedule

Back 12

schedule for delivering reinforcement or the first response that the subject makes after a specified period of time has passed.

Front 13

fixed ratio schedule

Back 13

rule for delivering reinforcement only after the subject has made a specific number of correct responses.

Front 14

intermittent reinforcement

Back 14

reinforcement for some responses and not for others.

Front 15

law of effect

Back 15

Thorndike's theory that a response followed by favorable consequences becomes more probably and a response followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less probable.

Front 16

learning curve

Back 16

geographical representation of the changes in behavior that occur over the course of learning.

Front 17

mirror neurons

Back 17

neurons that are activated while you perform a movement and also while you watch someone perform the same movement.

Front 18

negative punishment

Back 18

decrease in future probability of a response because it led to the absence of something such as food.

Front 19

negative reinforcement

Back 19

increase in the future probability of a response because it led to the absence of something such as pain.

Front 20

omission training

Back 20

training to suppress a behavior that would lead to the omission of an event such as food.

Front 21

operant conditioning (aka instrumental conditioning)

Back 21

process of changing a behavior by following a response with reinforcement.

Front 22

passive avoidance learning

Back 22

learning to avoid an outcome such as shock by being passive, that is by inhibiting a response that would lead to the outcome.

Front 23

positive reinforcement

Back 23

strengthening a behavior through the presentation of an event such as food,

Front 24

pre-mack principle

Back 24

principle that the opportunity to engage in a frequent behavior will reinforce a less frequent behavior.

Front 25

primary reinforcer

Back 25

event that is reinforcing because of its own properties

Front 26

punishment

Back 26

event that decreases the probability that a response will be repeated.

Front 27

reinforcement

Back 27

event that increases the future probability of the most recent response.

Front 28

reinforcer

Back 28

event that follows a response and increases the later probability of frequency of that response.

Front 29

schedule of reinforcement

Back 29

rule or procedure linking the patterns of response to the reinforcement.

Front 30

secondary reinforcer

Back 30

event that becomes reinforcing because it has previously been associated with a primary reinforcer.

Front 31

self-efficacy

Back 31

perception of one's own ability to perform a task successfully.

Front 32

sensitive period

Back 32

time early in life during which some kinds of learning occurs most readily.

Front 33

shaping

Back 33

technique for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations.

Front 34

skeletal responses

Back 34

movement of the muscles that move the limbs, trunk and head.

Front 35

social learning approach

Back 35

view that people learn by observing and imitating the behavior of others and by imagining the consequences of their own behavior.

Front 36

stimulus control

Back 36

ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others.

Front 37

stimulus generalization

Back 37

a. In classical conditioning, the extension of a conditioned response from a training stimulus to similar stimuli.

b. In operant conditioning, the tendency to make a similar response to a stimulus that resembles on that has already been associated with reinforcement.

Front 38

variable interval schedule

Back 38

rule for delivering reinforcement after varying amounts of time.

Front 39

variable ratio schedule

Back 39

rule for delivering reinforcement after varying numbers of correct responses.

Front 40

vicarious reinforcement (aka vicarious punishment)

Back 40

observed reinforcement or punishment experienced by someone else.

Front 41

visceral responses

Back 41

activities of the internal organs.