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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fossil records |
Proof of adaptation |
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Charles Darwin |
Created the theory of evolution and natural selection |
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Evolution is |
Relative change in characteristics of a population that occurs over a successive generations |
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck |
Recognized species are not permanent Proposed that species evolved over time. He was wrong as he thought traits in organism develop during its own life time |
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Theory of uniformitarianism |
James Hutton was the first to say earth was not young Proposed that earth took millions of years to form and was formed through slow moving processes |
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Patterns in diversity |
Global variations, local variations, species vary over time |
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Galapagos island |
Group of 16 small volcanic island 966 kilometers off west coast of South America |
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Thomas Maltus |
Argued that human population grows faster than the resources they depend on. When population became too large, famine and disease break out. Kept populations in check by killing the weak |
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Artifical selection |
Breeding of plants and animals by humans to have useful traits |
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Fitness or natural selection |
Refers to organisms ability to survive and produce fertile offspring |
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Natural selection |
The struggle for existence Natural variation among number of a species Environment role in evolution |
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Homologous structures |
Came from same ancestor and have same anatomy |
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Analogous structures |
Does not come from same ancestor but propose is similar |
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Vestigial structure |
Structure from past that is no longer useful |
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Molecular Biology |
Comparing DNA and protein sequences |
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Adaptive radiation |
Process by which a single species evolves into many new species to fill available niches |
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Homozygous recessive |
Suffer the effect |
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Heterozygotes |
No physical effects |
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Gene pool |
Consists of all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population |
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Micro evolution |
Evolution on the smallest scale |
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Stabilizing selection |
Individuals within center of the range have a higher fitness than those with extremes. Occurs when phenotype at both extremes of the phenotypic distribution are selected against. |
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Directional selection |
Individuals at one end of phenotype range have higher fitness. Two extremes phenotypes is selected for. This shifts distribution towards that extreme. |
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Sexual selection |
Inheriting traits that increase ability to obtain mates |
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Genetic Drift |
A random process It's a change in the gene pool of a population due to change Small population are impacted more by this |
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Bottleneck effect |
Disasters that reduce the size of a population which in turn reduces gene pool |
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Founder effect |
Occurs when a few individuals colonize an isolated island or new habitat The subsequent generations allele frequency will represent genetic makeup of founders |
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Hardy weinbergu theorem |
Shows allele frequencies do not change in population if conditions are met No new mutations No migrations Large population Mating is random No natural selection |
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Gene flow |
Occurs when individuals move into or out of population, if migration is high it can have significant effect of allele frequencies |
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Disruptive selection |
Occurs when phenotype in middle of range are selected against. Result in 2 over lapping phenotypes, one at each end of the distribution |
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Speciation |
Is a lineage splitting event that produces two or more separate species Process by which a new species evolve |
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Geographic Isolation (allopathic speciation) |
Some members of species become geographically separated from rest of species. If long enough they may evolve genetic differences. If differences prevent them for interbreeding they are new species |
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Habitat isolation (sympatric speciation) |
Organisms living in same area but different locations Arise without geographic separation |
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Reduction of gene flow (non-random mating) |
Happens when reproductive barriers come in play Mechanical isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Gametic isolation |
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Coevolution |
Species in symbiotic relationship tend to evolve together. As one species changes, the other species must also change in order to adapt |
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Gradualism |
Evolution of a species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over long periods of time |
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Punctuated equilibrium |
Long periods of little evolutionary change are punctuated by shorter time of rapid speciation |
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Divergent evolution |
Occurs when populations change as they adapt to different environmental conditions 2 or more species diverge from common ancestor |
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Convergent evolution |
When 2 species are placed in the same environment and allowed to experience the same selective pressues 2 or more distinct species share traits not due to common ancestor |
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Relative dating |
Determines which of 2 fossils is older or younger than the other, not age in years. Based on positions of fossil in rock layers |
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Absolute dating |
Determines about how long ago a fossil organism lived. Gives fossil approximate age in years |
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Molecular clock |
Uses DNA sequences to estimate how long its been since related species diverged from a common ancestors. |
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Geologic time scale |
Used for understanding history of earth and its life. |
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Earth geological history |
Eras Periods Epochs |
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Pangaea |
One large land mass which contained all of earth continets |
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Phylogency |
Evolutionary history |
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Homaniods |
Have relatively large brains Lack tails Swining arms |
