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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA |
Instructions or genetic information Centromere=Holds 2 chromatids Gene= Segement of DNA that codes for a trait Chromatids= Identical copies ^straws and balls Components Ring shaped sugar=deoxyribose Phosphate group Nitrogenous base -adenine -guanine -thymine -cytosine |
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Principles of cell divison |
All body cells have the same genetic information. Sex cells are exception Not all cells have same shape or perform same functions |
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Mitosis |
Cell cycle Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis |
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Interphase |
Cell growth stage DNA replication occurs Cell preparing for Cell divison Growth phase G1 (longest) Synthesis phase S (1 DNA becomes 2) Growth phase G2 (making more organelles) |
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Prophase |
Chromosome become condenses+ visible Nuclear envelope disappears |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes line up in middle along equatorial plate |
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Anaphase |
Chromosomes separate into 2 sister chromatids and migrate towards opposite poles (divide) |
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Telophase |
Chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin Nuclear envelope reforms creating 2 identical nuclei |
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Cytokinesis |
Divison Creates 2 identical daughter cells |
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Zygote |
Fertilized egg |
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Diploid |
Two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parents |
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Haploid |
Single set of chromosome Just egg or sperm |
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Gamete |
A reproductive cell |
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Meiosis |
Form of cell divoson by which gametes, with half the number of chromosome are produced Stages Interphase Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 Cytokinesis 1 Prophase 11 Metaphase 11 Anaphase 11 Telophase 11 Cytokinesis 11 |
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Spermatogenesis |
Process of sperm cell development |
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Oogenesis |
Production or development of a ovum |
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Prophase 1 |
Synapsis- 2 homologous chromosome line up side by side Crossing over- 2 homologous chromosome exchange genetice info |
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Metaphase 1 |
Tetrads line up at equatorial plate Independent assortment-orientation of homologous pair to either pole is random |
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Anaphase 1 |
Tetrads separate and chromosomes move to either end of cell |
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Teleophase and cytokinesis 1 |
Two diploid are formed Each daughter cell contains a chromosomes |
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Meiosis 11 |
Same as mitosis expect for Telophase and cytokinesis 11 Four haploid cells are formed Each daughter cell contains chromatids |
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Mitosis vs meiosis |
Mitosis produces new cells Rounds of cell divison 2 Diploid Identical to parent Daughter cells identical Meiosis produces new gamete 4 Rounds of cell divison Haploid Not identical to parent and daughter cells not identical |
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Mistakes in meiosis |
Errors caused by changes in chromosome number Deletion-piece of a chromosome is deleted Duplication-section of a chromosome appears 2 or more times Inversion-section of a chromosome is inverted Translocation-segment of one chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome Failure of homologous chromosome to separate properly during meiosis is called nondisjunction |
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Trisomy |
Extra chromosome Trisomy 21= Down syndrome Trisomy 18= Edward's syndrome Trisomy 13= Patau syndrome XXY= klinefelter syndrome |
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Monosomy |
Zygote is lacking a chromosome Organisms lacking one or more chromosomes can rarely survive Monosomy X= turners syndrome |
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Amniocentesis |
Finds chromosome problem in fetus |
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Karyotype |
Display of the chromosome in single cell Chromosome are arranged and number by size |
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Alleles |
Alternative forms of gene Where the one that appeared the most often is dominant Less frequently= recessive |
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Mendels laws of segregation |
Members of a pair of alleles for a given trait are separated when gametes are formed |
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Genotype |
Genetic makeup of organism |
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Phenotype |
How it's expressed Physical charateristic |
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Punnetts square |
Used for predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring Capital letter is dominant Lower case is ressive |
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Law of independent assortment |
Factors controlling different characteristics are inherited independently of eachother |
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Dominant |
The allele that masks expression of another allele |
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Recessive |
That allele that is only expressed when an individual is homozygous |
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Heterozygous |
Containing two different alleles for a trait |
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Homozygous |
Containing two of the same allele for a trait |
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Autosomal |
Body chromosome |
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Incomplete Dominance |
Form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait isn't completely expressed over its paired alleleResult is a third phenotype which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the 2 Result is a third phenotype which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the 2 |
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Blending |
Heterozygous condition results in an intermediate phenotype |
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Co Dominance |
2 Alleles are expressed at some time No complete dominance |
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Multiple Allelism |
Result in a larger number of possible genotypic combinations and greater variety of phenotypes |
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Chromosomal theory of inheritance |
-Chromosome carry gene -Each set of chromosome segregate during meiosis. Each gamete has half the number of chromosome found in somatic cells -Chromosome assort independently -Females have 2X, males have X and Y -Genes located on same chromosome tend to be inherited together -Gene linkage refers to genes that occur on the same chromosome and don't assort independently |
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Sex linkage |
Controlled by genes located on the sex chromosome. Recessive located on X is more likely to express in males then females since males only need one copy of the recessive. Females need 2 |
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Perigree analysis |
Used to trace the passing of an allele from parents to offspringContain number of symbols that identify gender,relationship between individuals, whether a individual expresses a trait or carries the allele as part of heterozygous genotype. Used to trace the passing of an allele from parents to offspringContain number of symbols that identify gender,relationship between individuals, whether a individual expresses a trait or carries the allele as part of heterozygous genotype. |
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Dominant trait pedigree |
Affect individual has at least one affected parent Affected individual who mate with unaffected individual have a 50% chance of transmitting the trait 2 affected individuals may have unaffected children |
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Recessive trait pedigree |
Individual affected may have parents who are not All children of 2 affected individuals are affected |
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Genetic engineering |
Directly manipulating the structure and characteristics of genes using molecular cloning and transformation Different from normal breeding genes manipulated indirectly Process DNA containing desired gene removed from cell Enzyme cut out desired gene Enzyme insert gene into DNA vector or DNA vector taken from bacterium |
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Gene therapy |
Supplementing or replacing a gene in order to treat medical condition |
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Cell divison |
Proeukaryotes (older) and have flagela Chromosome eukaryotes (younger) no flagela Binary fision only pro Mitosis+meiosis eukaroyotes |
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Binary fision |
DNA replication Chromosome segregation Separation |
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3 types of asexual reproduction |
Binary fission + multiple fission Fragmentation Budding |
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Types of life cycle |
Haploid= multicellular growth Diploid= Individual growth Alternation of generations= switches back and forth between haploid and diploid |
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Law of segregation |
2 factors controlling given characteristic, one which dominates the other these factor separate and go to different gamates when a parent Reproduces |
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Locus |
Position of gene on chromosome |
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Polygenic Charateristic |
Characteristic controller by more then one gene |
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Linked gene |
Hard to separate Meiosis 2 and crossing over is the only thing that can separate linked genes |
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Mapping linkage |
Where gene are on chromosome the frequency of crossing over between gene is used to construct linkage map |
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3 types of inheritance |
Autosomal inheritance Recessive inheritance Sex linked inheritance |
