Unit 3 Outcome 2 Psych

Front 1

What is neuroplasticity

Back 1

Changes to the brain due to expirence

Front 2

What is synaptic plasticity

Back 2

Changes that occur at the synapse (Ltd, Ltd)

Front 3

What is long term potentiation and Long term depression

Back 3

Ltp-long lasting strengthening of synaptic connection due to frequent stimulation

Ltd-long lasting weakening of synaptic connection through low level stimulation

Front 4

What is a neurotransmitter

Back 4

Chemical substance released into the synapse to interact between pre and post synaptic neurons

Front 5

What are neurohormones

Back 5

A chemical substance released by a neuron secreted into circulation

Front 6

What is glutamate

Back 6

An excitery neurotransmitter which has a role in learning and memory as well as binds neurons together through synaptic plasticity

Front 7

What is adrenaline

Back 7

A neurohormone which enhances long term memory and ensures memory strength relates to memory importance as well as activating the flight/fight response in your body

Front 8

What is classical conditioning

Back 8

A non voluntary form of learning which occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli to produce naturally occurring responses

Front 9

What is cc acquisition

Back 9

The development of a conditional response through repeated association

Front 10

What is extinction and spontaneous recovery

Back 10

Extinction - the disappearance of a conditioned response following a lack of pairing the UCS with the CS

Spontaneous recovery- following extinction and a rest period the CR reappears at presentation of the CS

Front 11

What is the accusation formula

Back 11

The Ns is presented half a second before the UCS which causes the UCR (ucr over repeated trials). Eventually an association develops between the NS+UCS+the NS becomes the CS and produces the CR alone

Front 12

What is operant conditioning

Back 12

A learning process which the likelihood of a particular behaviour is determined by the consequences of that behaviour

Front 13

What is the ABC model

Back 13

Antecedent - A

Behaviour- B

Consequence - C

Front 14

Types of consequences

Back 14

Reinforcement - when a desirable behaviour is encouraged with the view to strengthening it (+give something desirable -take away something undesirable)

Punishment - Adding something undesirable behaviour to weaken behaviour being repeated

Response cost (positive punishment) - pleasant stimulus is removed after a response is made that weakens the likelihood of the response being repeated

Front 15

Oc stimulus generalisation vs discrimination

Back 15

Sg- when the stimulus is similar and triggers the same behaviour

Sd- when the original stimulus is the only stimulus which triggers the response

Front 16

What is observational learning

Back 16

Learning that occurs by watching another person's actions and their consequences to give further behaviour

Front 17

Stages of observational learning

Back 17

1. Attention - learner actively watches model

2. Retention - learner stores mental representation of behaviour

3. Reproduction - learner has the mental and physical ability to perform the behaviour

4. Motivation - the learner must want or have a desire to imitate the behaviour

5. Reinforcement - a positive outcome means the learner is more likely to repeat the behaviour

Front 18

What is in the Atkinson-shiffrin model of memory

Back 18

Encoding- converting info into a usable format for storage

Storage- retaining info over time for future use

Retrieval- accessing previously stored info for use

Front 19

What is sensory memory

Back 19

Sensory memory is the entry point for memory and includes iconic and echoic memory which is visual and auditory information, these memories stay in the store for .2-4 seconds and have unlimited storage

Front 20

What is short term memory

Back 20

A store of memory which holds encoded information from sensory memory and retrieved information from long term memory, it does this for 18-30 seconds and can only hold 5-9 units

Front 21

What is long term memory

Back 21

A permanent memory store in which unlimited amount of information can be stored until it is retrieved for future use

Front 22

Types of long term memory

Back 22

Explicit - memory with awareness (semantic memory-facts and knowledge) or (Episodic memory- personal expirences or events)

Implicit - memory without awareness(procedural memory-motor skills and actions) or (classical conditioned memory/emotional memory)

Front 23

Whats the role of the hippocampus

Back 23

Involved in the formation of new explicit (declarative) long term memories

Front 24

What is the role of the amygdala

Back 24

Works with the hippocampus by integrating the emotional elements in the formation of new long term explicit memories particularly fear responses

Front 25

What is the role of the cerebellum in memory

Back 25

Involved in the formation and storage of implicit procedural memories for motor skills

Front 26

What is the role of the cerebral cortex in memory

Back 26

Processes short term memories, memories linked to other memories as well as retrieving implicit memories

Front 27

What happened in the little ablert experiment

Back 27

Albert was presented with a white rat (ns). When he reached out to touch the rat a loud noise was made (ucs). This frightened Albert and produced the UCR (fear and crying). The trials were repeated several more times until the rat became the (cs) produced the fear/crying (cr) alone

Front 28

What is amnesia

Back 28

A permanet/temporary, completely/partial loss of memory most likely due to damage to the hippocampus

Front 29

What is retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Back 29

Retrograde: an inability to retrieve previously stored memories (able to encode, unable to retrieve)

Anterograde: an inability to form new memories following an accident (no longer encode)

Front 30

How has brain surgery led to an understanding of the tole specific brain area play in memory function

Back 30

Generally after surgery, inferences about the role of the specific brain region are drawn based on behavioural changes observed in patients

Front 31

What is alzhimers

Back 31

A neurodegenerative disease that results from a loss of neurons in the hippocampus which causes memory loss and personality change. Its caused by ambyloid plaques, inbalance in acetycholine and neurofibrlillary tangles

Front 32

Symptoms of alzhimers

Back 32

Memory loss, personality change and repetition

Front 33

What is maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal

Back 33

Maintenance- simple rote repition in short term memory

Elaborative - adding meaning ot linking it to information already stored in the ltm

Front 34

What are context and state dependant cues

Back 34

Context- the place or setting in which a memory acts as a retrieval cue for the desired information

State- the physiological or physiological condition in which a memory was made or acts as a retrieval cue for the desired information

Front 35

What are the measures of retention (recall)

Back 35

Free Recall- reproducing the information with few to no cues

Cued recall - reproducing info with a hint or cue

Serial recall - reproducing information in an order or sequence

Front 36

What is recognition, relearning and reconstruction

Back 36

Recognition- selecting the correct alternative from a list of possible alternatives

Relearning- learning information that has previously been learned as a means of assessing the amount of info retained from the original learning

Reconstruction- rearranging the parts of an original task into a sequence or order