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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three narratives for uncovering English?
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Socio-cultural, ideological, radical historial
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What is a proto-language?
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A parent language
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What is PIE?
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the ancestral language that linguists posit for today's Indo-European family of language
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Who were the Indo-Europeans?
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People who migrated from the Caspian and Black Sea areas around 2000 BCE
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What are some major features of PIE?
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- It's similar to modern day Slavic languages in that the stress is on different parts of the word
- The accent was based on pitch (Germanic developed a strong fixed stress accent, based on loudness) - Word order was less important because there were SO many word endings |
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What languages are in the same immediate family as English?
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English is in the West Low Germanic branch with Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans and Frisian. West High Germanic is German and Yiddish. North Germanic is the Scandinavian languages. East Germanic is Gothic, which died out.
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What is Grimm's Law?
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The consonant changes that happened from IE to Germanic. Basically:
voiceless stops--> voiceless fricatives voiced stops--> voiceless stops voices aspirated stops--> voiced stops |
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Phonetics
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the science of the production or articulation and reception of human speech sounds
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Phonology
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the study of sounds as they operate in the system of a language
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Phone
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individual sound
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phoneme
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any meaningfully distinctive sound in a language
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Morphology
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the arrangements of and the relationships amongst morphemes (smallest meaningful units in a language)
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Who spoke Old English?
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Anglo-Saxons (Germanic tribes), Scandinavians
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Where did Old English come from?
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The Germanic language group developed on the Scandinavian peninsula, so it developed as part of that group
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What are the major features of Old English?
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-Parts of speech were inflected, which means that word order was not as strict as it is today.
-Strong and weak declensions of nouns and adjectives -Strong= not accompanied by "the" - Weak= accompanied by "the" -Strong and weak conjugations of verbs -Strong= "drink, drank, drunk" -Weak= "bake, baked" - Vocabulary was mostly Germanic -Word formation happened mostly by compounding, prefixing, and suffixing -There was not a lot of borrowing from other languages -Gender for nouns, it was grammatical, not logical or natural |
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What social or historical conditions are key for understanding Old English?
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- The Romans invaded and then left, creating a power vacuum. The Picts invaded from the North.
- The Celtic King appeals to the Jutes (Germanic tribe) for help. - The Germanic tribes (Jutes, Angles, Saxons) arrive in boats and fight back invaders. They then settle into seven kingdoms. - The Scandinavians invade. (three stages: raiding, settling, assimilation) - Saxon King Alfred defeated the Danes, Treaty of Wedmore, Danes adopt Christianity. (settled religious differences, which now allows intermarriage, FUSION BETWEEN TWO GROUPS) |
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What stories of English does Crystal tell?
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Latin: Words related to home life. As Anglo-Saxons started to settle, it became more religious. As it got more religious, it became more of a written language than a spoken one. It also took Germanic words and morphed their meaning into religious/Latin ones. (gast came to mean spirit "Holy Ghost")
Scandinavian: A lot of place names. The Scandinavians invaded and would have called things by Scandinavian names to make navigation easier. French: trading relationships instigated sharing of language between French and English sailors. Scandinavian, French, Anglo-Saxon |
