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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All living can be categorized into one of three ______.
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domains
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3 Domains:
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Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
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Archaea
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Not discovered til 1977, why?
-considered as bacteria -live in extreme conditions (extremophiles). Different structural organization to bacteria however. |
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Eukarya
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-Split up into 4 Kingdoms
a.) Plants b.) Animals c.) Protists d.) Fungi |
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Kingdom Characteristics
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Plants
-Multicell -Food made via photosynth Animals -Multicell -Food ingested Protists -Usually unicell -Food absorbed -ex: algae, amoeba Fungi -Some uni, some multicell -Food absorbed -ex: mushroom, yeast, molds |
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Key Differences btw Pro- and Eu- karyotic
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Pro-
a.) Relatively Smaller b.) Unicell c.) Single Loop of DNA d.) Oxygen not always needed e.) No organelles Eu- a.) Relatively larger b.) Multicell c.) Multiple linear DNA (pieces called chromosomes) d.) Oxygen usually always needed e.) Organelles |
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Microscope magnification math
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10 x (Whatever objective lens)
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Ocular lens
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eyepiece
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Nosepiece
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revolving device which holds objective lenses
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Objective Lenses
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revolve around nosepiece; come in 4x, 10x, and 40x
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Coarse Adjustment Knob
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used to bring object to focus w/low power objective lenses only
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Fine Adjustment Knob
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Used to bring object to focus w/high power objective lens only
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Condenser
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series of lenses which concentrate light
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Iris Diaphgragm
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Controls amount of light passing through object on microscope
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Mechanical Stage
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area where slide is placed
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Lens Directions are...
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Inverted
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3 Different Types of Bacteria
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1. Bacilli
a.) rod-shaped b.) spore-forming c.) ex: anthrax, tetanus, botulism 2. Spirilli a.) s-shaped b.) ex: Food poisoning, Staph, strep 3. Cocci a.) spherical b.) ex: lyme disease, syphillis c.) look to be in grape-like clusters |
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Positive Functions of Bacteria
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-Fights infection
-probiotics |
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colony
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visible mass of bacteria
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Differences between Plants and Animals
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Cell Wall, Central Vacuole and Chloroplasts would not be found in animals
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Fungi
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-Diverse
-Ex: yeast (uni), mold and mushrooms (multi) -Uni and multicell -Decompose and recycle elements -Antibiotics -food source -alcoholic fermentation -disease |
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Protists
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-Motile or non-motile
-Uni or multicell -Microscopic -Provide oxygen -Food source for aquatic habitat |
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Diatoms
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-Single-celled plants
-Surrounded by silicon cell wall a.) 2 shells -beautiful -used as filters, indicators, abrasives, and polishers |
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Why do Cells need to be Small?
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Large Surface area to volume ratio is important because:
-makes it easier for things to cross cell membrane more quickly -Larger a cell gets, tougher for diffusion occur |
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Agar
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extracted from seaweed and generally colorless
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If ocular lens magnifies object by 10x and power objective by y, what is total magnification?
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10 x y= answer
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3 Similarities/Differences btw Animal/Plant cells:
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Similarities:
1. Cell Membrane 2. Ribosomes 3. Cytoplasm Differences: 1. Plants have cell wall 2. Plants have chloroplasts 3. Plants have central vacuole |
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True or False, all microscopic organisms are prokaryotic.
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False, some eukaryotic organisms are microscopic like protists
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4 Locations where you might find bacteria surviving/flourishing, and why?
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-Lake
-Dairy -Intestines -Agar Because they have the nutrients necessary for them to grow |
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If something is green, it must be a plant. True statement?
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No, bacterial colonies come in different shapes and colors, including the color green.
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Agar cells were living, and sulfuric acid was a nutrient for them, which cell would more likely survive?
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Smaller cell because it has a larger surface area to volume ratio, making it easier for diffusion to occur
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Most abundant molecule in living cells
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water; 70-95%
-versatile solvent -regulates temp. -allow chemical reactions to occur -transportation of substances -communication btw cells |
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20 trace elements
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minerals
ex: magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, sodium, iron and calcium |
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Four Types of Organic Molecules
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1. Carbs
2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids *All carbon-based polymers |
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Polymers
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composed of monomers
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Monomers of 4 Organic Polymers
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Simple Sugars (monosaccharides)-->carbs
Fatty Acids-->Fats/Lipids Amino Acids-->Proteins Nucleotides-->Nucleic Acids |
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Hydrolysis
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Process that breaks down polymers (through digestive enzymes) too big to diffuse into bloodstream so they become monomers that can be digested properly.
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Dehydration Synthesis
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Process which rebuilds monomers from hydrolysis into new polymers that cells require
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Enzymes
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catalysts; substances that speed up chemical reactions. Protein molecules that go unchanged during chemical reactions.
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Enzyme Becomes Denatured How?
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-Temperature change
-pH change Becomes dysfunctional |
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lactase
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enzyme in digestive tract used to break down dairy sugar lactose
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Lactose composed of ____ and ____
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glucose and galactose
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Type of Carb is lactose
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polysaccharide
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lactose found in?
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dairy: milk, cheese, yogurt
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What is lactose intolerance?
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When lactase enzyme is absent or dysfunctional due to genetics
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How does Lactaid product help with lactose intolerance?
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Provides lactase enzyme
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Would glucose be in lactose-reduced milk?
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Yes
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Important Carbs
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-Starch
a.) Made by plants b.) Humans can break it down c.) made of simple sugars -Cellulose a.) Made by plants b.) Humans unable to break it down c.) made of simple sugars -Glycogen a.) made by animals b.) Can be broken down by humans c.) Made of simple sugars |
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simple sugars
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monosaccharides
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polysaccharides
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many monosaccharides joined together
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dissacharides
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two monosaccharides
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FDA recommends about _____ daily calories come from carbs
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58%
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starch broken down into glucose by what enzyme?
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amylase
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Chemstrip
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plastic trip w/test pad on end.
-has reagent appearing yellow, turns green if glucose is present |
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How do you test for starch?
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Iodine
initially brown bluish black if starch present |
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"Core Elements" found in 20 essential amino acids
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carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
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What gives amino acids its own distinct chemical properties?
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r-group
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What percent of protein is needed in diet?
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10-15%
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Proteins digested in stomach via _____
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pepsin enzyme
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Digestion of proteins completed in ________ with help of 3 enzymes collectively called ________
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small intestines; proteinases
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Test for Protein
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Biuret
blue, turns purple/violet if protein present |
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Fats
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formed by joining glycerol molecule w/3 molecules of fatty acids
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Saturated Fats
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solid @ room temp.
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Unsaturated Fats
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liquid (oil) @ room temp.
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Percent of Fats in daily caloric diet?
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30%
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Detect fats via?
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Sudan IV
red, dissolves if fat present |
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cell membrane
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prevents some substances from leaving cell, while blocking some substances from entering.
selectively permeable |
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passive transport
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substances small enough to pass through with no energy required
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active transport
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substance needs energy to pass through (ATP)
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Passive Transport includes:
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diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
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Diffusion
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unimpeded movement of a substance from areas of high concentration of substance to low concentration of substance until equilibrium is reached
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Osmosis
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movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from areas of relatively high concentration of water to areas of relatively low concentration of water.
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Hypertonic
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High concentration of solute, low concentration of water
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Hypotonic
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Low concentration of solute, high concentration of water
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Major Functions of 4 Organic Molecules:
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1. Proteins: Builders
2. Carbs: Energy 3. Lipids: Energy Storage |
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Bear found dead. Stomach contained: glucose, galactose, long hydrocarbon chains, cellulose and amino acids. What polymers did it consume?
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polysaccharides, protein, lipids
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Crispier lettuce needs a hypo-, hyper- or iso- tonic solution?
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hypo
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Sore throat result of swollen throat tissues, what is a remedy?
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hypertonic solution to overcorrect hypotonic state of throat tissues to reach isotonic solution
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microbes
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microscopic organisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and parasitic worms.
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Harmless microbe
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normal flora:
grows on all surfaces of body that are open to outside environment |
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immune system
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protect you against disease
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pathogen
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microbe that always associated with disease
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opportunistic pathogens
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cause disease only when immune system is compromised
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local infection
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occur in specific area
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systemic infection
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occur all over body
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communicable infection
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disease can spread from oneperson to another
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non-communicable infection
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cannot be transmitted from one person to another
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portal of entry
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ears, eyes, nose, mouth, broken skin, placenta, uretha, vagina, anus, and mammary glands.
Anything open to environment |
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Portal of exit
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ear wax, eye tears, nose mucus, mouth saliva, broken skin blood, urine, reproductive secretions, fecal material and milk
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direct contact
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transmitting microbe via hand shaking for example
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indirect contact
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transmitting disease by grabbing a door knob someone infected had touched for example
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airborne droplets
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transmit disease via air.
for example: coughing, sneezing |
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Miscellaneous Transmissions
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water, soil, food and animal vectors
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bacterial infections treated with ______.
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antibiotics
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antibiotic
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drug designed to target and kill prokaryotic (bacterial) cells
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What is a spore?
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defense mechanism/survival strategy
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Using temperature to kill microbes
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Most bacteria can't survive under extreme heat and are killed by it
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Why are we concerned about antibiotic and antibacterial resistance?
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Bacteria have plasmids that over time will progress in their resistance to antibiotics, making them useless.
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Name each of the 3 shapes of bacteria we observed in lab last week.
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Bacilli- rod-shaped
Cocci- spherical Spirilli- S-shaped |
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List 2 specific differences between Plant and Animal Cells that we observed last week:
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Plants have chloroplasts
Plants have cell walls Plants have central vacuole |
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True or False, minerals (trace elements) are the most abundant substances in cells
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False
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True or False, water is the least abundant molecule in living cells.
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False
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T or F, Glucose is a monomer of carbs
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True
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Name 2 Kingdoms of domain Eukarya and provide one specific example of each.
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Animals- humans
Plants-trees Protists- amoeba Fungi- yeast |
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T or F, amino acids are monomers of proteins
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True
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According to lab manual, microbes include:
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bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa
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Biologically important molecules
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Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids
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Pathogen always associated with
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disease-causing bacteria
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Lactase breaks down lactose into two sugars, what are they?
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galactose and glucose
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Explain the purpose of the light and dark reactions
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Light-Convert solar energy into chemical energy needed in calvin cycle
Dark-Carbon Dioxide into glucose |
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Explain the purpose of aerobic cellular respiration
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break down glucose to carbon dioxide in order to produce ATP
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Characterize the basic steps involved in photosynthesis
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Water + Carbon Dioxide input in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight and output Oxygen, Water and Glucose.
Photo- Start with water/light end with oxygen, NADPH and ATP Synthesis- Start with carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH and end with glucose |
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Characterize the basic steps involved in cellular respiration
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Oxygen + Glucose input with output of Water, Carbon Dioxide and ATP
Glycolysis-Break down glucose to pyruvate Transition Reaction-Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA Krebs Cycle- Fully breakdown acetyl-CoA Electron Transport Chain- utilize electrons and H+ collected by NADH/FADH2 to power electron transport chain |
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Glycolysis
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Start with: Glucose, ATP, NAD+
End With: Pyruvate, ATP (2), NADH |
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Transition Reaction
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Start with: Pyruvate, NAD+
End WIth: Acetyl-CoA, NADH, Carbon Dioxide |
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Krebs Cycle
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Start with: Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD
End With: Carbon Dioxide, FADH2, NADH, ATP (2) |
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Electron Transport Chain
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Start With: NADH, FADH2, Oxygen
End With: ATP (32) |
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Lesch Nyhan findings
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MR
aggression hyperuricemia gout self-mutilation choreoathetosis patients can have partial amputations of fingers, lips, tongue urate deposition in the kidney -> renal failure spasticity frost on the skin under the diaper due to hyperuricemia |
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What is oxygen's role in cellular respiration?
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serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport system.
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how does CO2 relates to photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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photosynthesis: C02 is converted into glucose for Calvin Cycle
cellular respiration: Glucose is converted into C02 for ATP production |
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Upper epidermis
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Upper boundary of leaf; typically only one cell layer thick
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Cuticle
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Waxy coating on leaf surface, provides protection and prevents dehydration
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Palisade cells
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packed cells; rich in chloroplast; major site of photosynthetic activity
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Spongy mesophyll
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Loosely packed cell layer; some photosynthesis occurs here; gases (oxygen and CO2) can be trapped in this layer
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Xylem
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Cells stack on top of one another, eventually dying leaving only empty "pipe" of cell walls; used to transport water
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Phloem
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live cells located below xylem that transport food
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Lower epidermis
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lower boundary, one cell thick, site of guard cells and stomata which regulate CO2 intake
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Why do plants have stomata?
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regulate CO2 and oxygen levels
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Order of Leaf Structure
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-Cuticle
-Upper Epidermis -Palisade cells -Spongy mesophyll -Xylem -Phloem -Lower epidermis -Stomata |
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Why did floating leaves indicate photosynthesis had occured?
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oxygen was present, a by product of photosynthesis
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What was the point of the CO uptake experiment?
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Show that the plant absorbs CO2 and converts it to glucose
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Explain how nutrients are used in cellular respiration and what type of nutrients work best to
drive this process. |
to break down nutrient's glucose molecules so that they may be converted into CO2 in order to produce ATP.
Nutrient Type to Work Best: High Glucose Presence Relatively Low timetable for breakdown |
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plants use sugars for 4 things:
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-break down sugars for cellular respiration
-bond sugar molecules to produce cellulose -bond guar molecules to produce starch -rearrange sugar molecules to build other biologically important molecules (protein, lipids and nucleic acids) |
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Cellular Respiration
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Oxygen + Glucose turns into Water + Carbon Dioxide + ATP
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Phenol Red
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reagent for CO2
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thylakoids
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contain chlorophyll, which attracts sunlight.
Light reaction occur here |
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Stroma
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site of Calvin Cycle, or dark reaction
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Stomata Open they are _____
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turgid
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Stomata closed they are _____
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flaccid
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human requires ______ liters of oxygen per day
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550 Liters
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Many plants grow small/bushy near ground to reduce distance over which they have to transport food. If this is the case, why did trees evolve to be so tall among other plants?
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To obtain more sunlight
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Plants seen under water are floating towards the surface. Even though they're anchored to the ground, why is it more advantageous for plants to try to be near the surface?
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Less sunlight lost to absorption by water, and more sunlight available to them
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What happened during photosynthesis activity that allowed plant discs to float?
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photosynthesis occurred, giving off oxygen which became entrapted in spongy mesophyll of leaves forcing them to float
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During cellular respiration activity, we measure gas production from yeast. What sort of gas were we measuring? Where is it produced in cellular respiration? If oxygen supply cut off what would happen?
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-CO2 produced
-Through Kreb Cycle -anaerobic respiration would occur |
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Why would spines not be suited well for photosynthesis even with chloroplasts?
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They close off their stomata during day, eliminating intake of CO2 during sunlight thus giving Calvin Cycle less CO2 molecules for rubisco to modify, resulting in slow growth
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Why would traditional leaves be disadvantageous to desert plants?
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Water evaporation would be rampant, and they'd die
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Why does black clothing preferable on cool day and white on hot day?
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Black: retains heat, absorbs all colors
White: Keeps cooler, reflects all colors |
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What types of nutrients appear to produce the most efficient results concerning cellular respiration?
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Sugar bc they contain most glucose and are easiest to breakdown
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What types of lights would be expected to be emitted by grow lights?
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Blue-violet, red, and red-orange wavelengths should be expected to be present as they are most efficiently absorbed by chlorophyll
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