Uf Bio 2 Exam Review

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phylogeny

Back 1

the evolutionary history of relationships

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phylogenetic tree

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a diagrammatic reconstruction of evolutionary history

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clade

Back 3

represents all the descendants of a single common ancestor, are monophyletic

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monopyletic

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contains an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

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ancestral trait

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the original character state of the common ancestor

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derived trait

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when the ancestral trait changes into something new

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synapomorphies

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shared derived traits that provide evidence of the common ancestor of a group

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convergent evolution

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when traits evolve multiple times independently

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evolutionary reversal

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when a character is reverted from a derived state back to an ancestral state

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homoplasies

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a character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor

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horizontal gene transfer

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refers to the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction

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endosymbiosis

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when an independent bacteria is devoured by a eukaryote and integrates itself into the anatomy of the eukaryote

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primary endosymbiosis

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synapomorphy of Plantae`

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Secondary Endosymbiosis

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a eukaryote engulfed a green algae cell which became a chloroplast

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red algae

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simple plants, only have chlorophyll A

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green plants

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plants that have chlorophyll A and B, store carbs as starch

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plasmodesmata

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channels, holes in cell wall

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parenchyma

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basic tissue type in streptophytes with cells linked by plasmodesmata

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cuticle

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waxy coating that slows water loss

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stomata

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closable openings that regulate gas exchange

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gametangia

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organs that enclose gametes and prevent them from drying out, archegonia and antheridia

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embryos

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young plants contained within a protective structure

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pigments

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protect against UV

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sporopollenin

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protects spores, prevents drying and resists decay

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gametophyte

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haploid generation, makes gametes by mitosis

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sporophyte

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diploid generation, makes spores by meiosis

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Bryophytes

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not a true clade, represents liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

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Vascular Plants

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have independent sporophyte, internal conduction of water and sucrose

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Xylem

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conducts water

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Phloem

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conducts food

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Roots

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absorb water and minerals

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Leaves

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photosynthesize

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Lycophytes

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have strobili,

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Euphyllophytes

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all vascular plants except lycophytes, have megaphylls

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Monilophytes

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horsetails and ferns

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Leptosporangiate Ferns

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sporangia walls only one cell thick, require lisuid water for reproduction, both gametophyte and sporophyte generations are independent

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indusium

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tissue covering for sori

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seed plants

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have capacity for secondary growth, extremely reduced gametophytes, seeds present

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heterospory

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two kinds of sporangia produce two kinds of spore which lead to two kinds of gametophytes

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megasporangium

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female sporangia

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microsporangium

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male sporangia

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Megasporangia ->

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Megaspore

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Megaspore ->

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Megagametophyte (Ovule)

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Megagametophyte ->

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Archegonia + Egg

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Dioecious

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having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals

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secondary growth

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increasing diameter rather than height

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gymnosperms

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'unprotected seed' plants

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cycad

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dioecious, strobili, palm-like gymnosperm

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Ginkgo

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one remaining species, fan-shaped leaves

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Gnetophyte

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gymnosperm group comprised of three distinct genera

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Conifer

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gymnosperms with reproductive structures in cones

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angiosperms

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seed plants with reproductive organs in flowers, seeds enclosed in fruits,

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endosperm

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nutritive triploid tissue in angiosperm seeds

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cotyledon

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embryonic leaves

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Amborella

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rare genus that split off from angiosperms early on

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Water Lillies

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floating flowered plant that branched off from angiosperms early on

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Parallel veins in leaves

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characteristic of most monocots but not eudicots

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sporophyte

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what produces spores in land plants?

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32

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if a gametophyte has 16 chromosomes, how many are in the sporophyte?

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multicellular sporophyte

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what is one trait common to all sporophytes?

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10

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if spores of a moss have 10 chromosomes, how many are in the gametophyte?

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companion cells

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these are directly involved with pressure-flow model for moving sucrose through a plant

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tracheid

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cell type that helps move water though many vscular plants

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microgametophyte

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what produces the sperm cell?

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club moss

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a low-growing green plant that resembles a large moss, having branching stems with undivided leaves, lack megaphylls

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megagametophyte

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another word for the ovule in a seed plant

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endosperm

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what is the triploid part of an angiosperm seed?

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gymnosperm

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produce pollen, but not fruits

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carpel

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innermost part of the flower that produces and protects ovules

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microgametophyte

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in which part of an angiosperm would you find a generative cell?

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eudicots and monocots

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two main groups of angiosperms

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auxin

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plant hormone that regulates phototropic responses

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auxin

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plant hormone that affects apical dominance in plants

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spines

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what feature of a cactus is part of its constitutve defenses?

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independent sporophyte, xylem, phloem

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synapomorphies of vascular plants

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tracheid

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long xylem cells, full of holes called pits, empty and dead at maturity, provide continuous flow of water

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transpiration, cohesion, tension mechanism

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moves water through evaporation from stomata

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phloem

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uses sieve cells/companion cells to move food

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pressure-flow model

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moves food through complex mechanism of water pressure

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sink

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where a sugar is used or stored

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roots

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absorb water and minerals

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leaves

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make sugars by photosynthesis

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lycophytes

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club mosses, have leaflike microphylls arranged spirally, larger sporophyte

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microphyll

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simple 'leaves' with a single midvein

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sterile sporangia

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microphylls evolved from

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Euphyllophytes

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'true leaf' plants, multiflagellate sperm, roots with endogenous branching

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leaf gaps

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synapomorphy of monilophytes

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heterosporous

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having male and female spores

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overtopping growth

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competition among branches to get to light, cause microphylls to merge into megaphylls

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Equisetum

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surviving genus of horsetails

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horsetails

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clade with reduced megaphylls in whorls, true roots, independent sporophyte, silica deposits on cell walls

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Sori

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structures containing many sporangia

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sporangia

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produce spores which are ejected at maturity

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tree ferns

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resembles a tree, but lacks true wood

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long

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early vascular plants had spores that survived for a long or short period of time?

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spores

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early vascular plants dispersed by

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unprotected

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in early vascular plants, embryos were ______

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sporophyte

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in early vascular plants, embryos developed directly into ______

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seed

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an embryo and its nutritive tissue

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heterospory, female gametophyte protected by sporophyte

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adaptations in evolution of the seed included:

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megasporophyte

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undergoes meiosis inside megasporangium to produce four megaspores

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integument

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protects megasporangium

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ovule

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archegonium and egg are produced by the

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microgametophyte

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each microspore grows into a two to three cell ______

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pollen grain

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another name for the microgametophyte

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pollen tube

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structure that grows from the pollen into the ovule to deliver sperm

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integument

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seed coat is derived from the