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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Criteria for being a protist |
-Eukaryotic -Not Fungi, plants or animals |
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Types of Protist cell organization |
-Unicellular -Colonial (stuck together) -Multicellular |
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Protist locomotion |
-Flagella -Cilia -Pseudopodia |
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Protist nutrition |
-Photoautotrophs -Heterotrophs (Phagotrophs & Osmotrophs) -Mixotrophs |
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Protist reproduction |
-Mitotic division (asexual) -Budding -Schizogony (several nuclei in a single cell) |
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Endosymbiosis in green algae |
-Red and green algae acquired a photosynthetic Cyanobacteria and evolved into plastids -DNA of plastid genes in algae resembles DNA of Cyanobacteria -Plastids in algae are surrounded by two membranes |
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Secondary endosymbiosis |
-Chlorarachniophytes -DNA sequence indicates they came from green algae -Have a tiny vestigial nucleus called a nucleomorph |
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Why are some dinoflagellates important to human health? |
-Toxic |
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What causes malaria and what stage of the life cycle causes disease in humans? |
-Plasmodium causes malaria -Haploid stage causes disease in humans |
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Significance of Choanoflagellates |
-Share a common ancestor with animals -Sponges have flagellated cells that exactly match Choanoflagellates -Sponges are animals |
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Importance of Charophytes in plant evolution |
-Charophytes are a green algae ancestor to land plants -Have Chlorophyll A & B which is only in land plants -Eukaryotic & photosynthetic |
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Benefits to colonizing land |
-Sun exposure -Lots of co2 -Mineral rich soil -Initially few herbivores and pathogens on land |
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Challenges to land life |
-Dessication (drying out) -Gravitational force |
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4 key traits for adaptation to land life |
-Alternation of generation & multicellular dependent embryos -Walled spores produced in Sporangia -Multicellular Gametangia -Apical Meristem |
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General plant life cycle (Alternation of generation) |
-Haploid & Diploid -Both phases multicellular -Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis -Sporophyte undergoes meiosis -Embryophyte (zygote becomes multicellular embryo) -Sporangia produces spores by meiosis |
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Difference between gametophyte & sporophyte |
-Gametophyte is dominant & photosynthetic -Sporophyte grows and depends on gametophyte for nutrients |
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Apical Meristem |
-Localized regions of cell division at tips of roots and shoots -Shoot Apical Meristem usually makes leaves |
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Importance of cuticle, Mycorrhizae and Flavonoids to land life |
-Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants -Flavonoids absorb harmful UV radiation -Cuticle protects, Stomata aboard co2 |
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Characteristics of Bryophytes (Liverworts, Hornworts & Mosses) |
-Small -Sporo partly dependent on Gameto -nonvascular -Photosynthetic -No Cuticle or Stomata -Lacks true stems & leaves -Haploid Gameto, Diploid Sporo -Dominant Gametophyte |
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Rhizoid |
Root hair on underside of Thallus, mostly in Bryophytes, that anchors the plant and conducts water |
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Bryophytes discussed in lecture, compare and contrast |
-Mosses, Hornworts and Liverworts -All require water for sexual reproduction -Produce spores not seeds -Lack vascular tissue -Not Monophyletic |
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Why are vascular plants referred to astracheophytes and what is vascular tissue? |
-Tracheophytes (Trachea) -Xylem & Phloem are tubes for transporting material and make up the vascular system |
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Cooksonia |
Oldest known plant to have a stem with vascular tissue |
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Lycophytes & Pterophytes similarities |
-Vascular -Both lack seeds -Dominant Sporophyte independent of Gametophyte -Not monophyletic -Microphylls (Spornagia leaf) exclusive to Lychophytes |
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Difference between Micro & Megaphylls |
Micro-Leaf with a single unbranched vein or a structure derived therefrom Mega-Leaf with internally branching system of veins or a structure derived therefrom |
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Lycophytes |
-Earliest vascular plants -Resemble mosses but aren't closely related -Often cling to trees |
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Why are Lycophytes in a different clade than Ptero and seed plants? |
Lycophytes have Microphylls whereas Ptero and seed plants have megaphylls |
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Pterophytes |
-Mostly Ferns -Homosporous -Rhizomes instead of roots -Sporangia called Sori -Sporo and Gameto both photosynthetic |
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Sori |
Cluster of Sporangia in ferns |
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Land Plant Synapomorphies |
-Alternation of Generations -Walled Spores in Sporangia -Multicellular Gametangia -Apical Meristem |
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Angiosperm Synapomorphies |
-Endosperm within seeds -Ovary enclosed Ovules -Stigma where pollen germination takes place -Double fertilization & endosperm -Stamens with pollen |
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Gymnosperm Synapomorphies |
-Cones (male and female) -Unenclosed eggs -All lack flowers & fruit |
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Megaspore vs. Microspore |
Megaspore-Produced by Megasporangia, develops into female Gametophyte Microspore-Develops into male Gametophyte |
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Integument |
Layer of Sporophyte tissue that protects the megasporangia |
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Plant ovule |
Megasporangium, megaspore & integument |
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Types of Gymnosperms |
Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkophyta |
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How old are angiosperms? |
-140 Million years |
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Double fertilization |
One sperm forms zygote, the other merges with two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm. |
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What does endosperm do? |
Provides nourishment for the developing embryo. |
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Xylem |
-Transpiration (water comes from roots and evaporates in leaves) -carries minerals & dissolved ions -flows bottom to top -structural support |
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Phloem |
-Food conducting & hormone circulation -Flows in either direction |
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Competence |
Ability to respond to internal and external signs to produce a flower |
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Phase change |
Transition between developmental stages |
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Photoperiodic pathway |
-Allows response to seasonal changes -Light dependent -Depends on length of night -light receptors are in leaves -short day, long day, day neutral plants |
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Vernalization |
Required cooling period necessary for flowering, ensures plant flowers at the optimal time. |
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Why might self pollination be adaptive? |
-Independence from Pollinators -Don't have to expend energy making a flower -More uniform offspring are specifically adapted to a uniform habitat |
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Outcrossing |
Introducing unrelated genetic material into a breeding line, promotes genetic diversity. |
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Dioecious |
Physical separation of male and female sex organs |
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Monoecious |
Single plant with both male and female organs |
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Dichogamous |
One flower where male and female organs develop at different times |
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Genetic Self Incompatibility |
Plant recognizes its own genetic material and prevents fertilization |
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Apomixes |
Asexual production of embryo in seeds |
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Secondary compound/metabolite |
-Not part of primary chemical system -Energetically expensive -Function in defense -Toxins don't affect plant |
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Cyanogenic Glycosides |
Break down to Cyanide when ingested (Stops ETC & cell respiration) |
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Cardiac Glycosides |
Inhibits Sodium/Potassium pump (Synthetic form used for heart conditions) |
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Why are Monarch butterflies toxic? |
They lay their eggs on Milkweed, a toxic plant |
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Alkaloids |
-Caffeine, Morphine, Nicotine, Opium, Cocaine, LSD -Likely evolved to deter Herbivores |
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Tannins |
-Usually found in bark -Interferes with Protein digestion -Found in wine, tea, chocolate |
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Allelopathy |
Chemicals secreted by roots and other parts that inhibit germination of growth in other plants. Minimizes competition for sun and resources. |
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How do Phytoestrogens affect Quail? |
Phytoestrogens in Soy and other plants are similar to vertebrate estrogen and can interfere with reproduction and development. |
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Quinine |
-Comes from Cinchona bark -Synthetic version used to treat Malaria -Malaria Plasmodium has grown resistant |
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Coevolution of ants and Acacia |
-Ants live in Acacia thorns -Ants attack invaders -Some Acacia provide food for Ants -Flowers keep Ants away so bees can pollinate |
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Why do we now refer to the kingdom Plantae as Viridiplantae? |
Viridiplantae (Green Plants) includes all plants including the green algae they evolved from. Some scientists disagree that green algae is a plant in the traditional sense. |
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Sporopollenin |
Tough jacket surrounding spores produced in the sporophyte stage that help protect spores in adverse conditions. |
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Mechanisms to promote outcrossing |
-Self incompatibility -Dichogamy |
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Archaeplastida |
A group of Eukaryotes including Red and green algae and land plants. Supposedly all developed from an endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. |
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Advantages to reduced Gametophyte in seed plants |
Gametophytes of seedless plants are visible to naked eye but in seed plants they are microscopic and contained within the spore wall for protection from dessication and UV and to feed off the parent sporophyte tissue. |