Bio 191 Exam 2

Front 1

When did prokaryotes show up in the fossil record

Back 1

3.5 billion years ago

Front 2

steps to achieve the origin of life

Back 2

1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules

2. Turn them into macromolecules

3. Package them into protocells

4. Origin of self replicating molecules

Front 3

Protocells

Back 3

Membrane bound droplets that maintain an internal chemistry different from their surroundings

Front 4

What protocells required to become life

Back 4

Self-replication and metabolism

Front 5

Vesicles

Back 5

Fluid filled environments with membrane structures

Front 6

Shapes of prokaryotes

Back 6

Sphere (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals

Front 7

Gram-positive

Back 7

Simple cell walls

Front 8

Gram-negative

Back 8

More complex cell walls

Front 9

Phototroph

Back 9

Obtains energy from light

Front 10

Autotroph

Back 10

Uses CO2 as energy source

Front 11

Chemotrophs

Back 11

Energy from chemicals

Front 12

Heterotrophs

Back 12

Uses organic carbon as energy source

Front 13

Factors of prokaryotic variation

Back 13

Rapid reproduction

Mutation

Genetic recombination (horizontal gene transfer)

Front 14

Cytoskeleton

Back 14

Allows eukaryotic cells to change shape

Front 15

When did eukaryotic cells shown up

Back 15

1.8 billion years ago

Front 16

When did multicellular eukaryotes show up?

Back 16

1.2 billion years ago

Front 17

Endosymbiosis

Back 17

proposes that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger prokaryotes

Front 18

Multicellular Colonies

Back 18

Worked as a unit and formed filaments, balls and cell sheets

Front 19

Biodiversity

Back 19

measured by the number of species in an area

Front 20

Counters to Species Concept

Back 20

Asexual Organisms, domestic dogs, cryptic species (Contains individuals identical to each other, but cannot interbreed)

Front 21

Two concepts Biodiversity implies

Back 21

1. Can identify a species

2. Can identify a habitat (site occupancy)

Front 22

Counters to Site Occupancy

Back 22

Are the species there or just undetected

Front 23

Problems with measuring biodiversity

Back 23

1. It's difficult to measure abundance of species and identity of species accurately

2. Difficult to compare species in different sites

3. Debate about metrics

4. Is biodiversity affected by ecosystem services

5. Linguistic uncertainty

Front 24

Benefits derived from Ecosystems

Back 24

Food security, clean air, clean water, pharmaceuticals, aesthetics/ ecotourism

Front 25

Species Richness

Back 25

The number of species found in a defined area

Front 26

alpha biodiversity

Back 26

within habitat diversity (observed)

Front 27

gamma biodiversity

Back 27

total diversity (observed)

Front 28

Beta diversity

Back 28

between habitat diversity (estimated)

Front 29

equation for biodiversity

Back 29

beta = gama/ (average of alpha)

Front 30

species eveness

Back 30

shows whether species are evenly distributed

Front 31

maximum species richness

Back 31

achieved by taking more and more samples

Front 32

When small plants, fungi and animals emerged on land

Back 32

500 mya

Front 33

when plants emerged on land

Back 33

470 mya

Front 34

when cynobacteria emerged

Back 34

1.2 bya

Front 35

first forest emerges

Back 35

385 mya

Front 36

Charophytes

Back 36

Green Algae. The closest living relative to plans

Front 37

Sporopollenin

Back 37

A polymer like substance found in charophytes that reduced desiccation in zygotes. Allowed plants to move to land

Front 38

Why plants moved to land

Back 38

1. open niches

2. better light

3. easier CO2

Front 39

embryophytes

Back 39

plants with embryos

Front 40

Key traits in land plants that are absent in chlorphytes

Back 40

1. alternation of generations

2. apical meristems

3. multicellular, dependent embryos

4. walled spores produced in sporangia

Front 41

Alterations of generation

Back 41

All life cycles of plants alternate between two distinct multicellular organisms: gametophytes (haploid/ mitosis) and sporophytes (diploid/ meiosis)

Front 42

Apical Meristems

Back 42

localized region of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

Front 43

Derived Traits in Plants

Back 43

1. Cuticals: a waxy covering in the epidermis that prevents water loss/ microbial attack

2. Stomata: specialized pores that allows the exchange of CO2 and O2 between outside air and plant

Front 44

Diversification of plants on land occurred...

Back 44

400 mya

Front 45

Mycorrhizae

Back 45

symbiotic associations between fungi and plants that helped plants obtain nutrients

Front 46

yeast

Back 46

single celled fungi

Front 47

mycelia

Back 47

networks of branched hypae (filaments that allow nutrient absorption)

Front 48

Fungi Reproduction

Back 48

They produce vast number of spores that can produce asexually or sexually

Front 49

Closest relative to fungi

Back 49

nucleariids

Front 50

Fungi emerge

Back 50

460 mya

Front 51

when do fungi/ plant associations occur

Back 51

405 mya

Front 52

vascular plants emerge...

Back 52

420 mya

Front 53

byrophytes

Back 53

nonvascular plants anchored to the ground by rhizoids: liverworts, mosses and hornworts

Front 54

xylem

Back 54

conducts mostly water through tubed-shaped cells called tracheids that are made of ligin

Front 55

pholem

Back 55

cells arranged in tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products

Front 56

advantage of vascular plants

Back 56

increased height

Front 57

seed plants emerge...

Back 57

360 mya

Front 58

seed

Back 58

embryo and food supply. Increased survival

Front 59

Gymnosperms

Back 59

Have naked seeds that are not enclosed in chambers

Front 60

Angiosperms

Back 60

Have seeds that develop in chambers called ovaries. Also have flowers/ fruit and are the most diverse plant group

Front 61

gymnosperms appear...

Back 61

305 mya

Front 62

conifers

Back 62

gymnosperms that bear cones

Front 63

angiosperms appeared...

Back 63

140 mya

Front 64

lichen

Back 64

pioneers, they form a symbiotic relationship with their environment

Front 65

Photosynthesis removes CO2 from air which leads to...

Back 65

Global cooling

Front 66

Choanoflagellates

Back 66

a single celled eukaryote that is similar to the cell that animals evolved from

Front 67

origin of animals occures

Back 67

700 mya

Front 68

Edicararen Biota

Back 68

Earliest animal fossils. Around 560 mya

Front 69

sponges

Back 69

filter feeders that lack true tissues. Basal taxa of animals

Front 70

Chanocytes

Back 70

type of cells in a sponge that generate a water current through the sponge

Front 71

Cnidarians

Back 71

Show up 680 mya. Includes animals like jellies. They have a gastrovascular cavity and predator/ prey interactions

Front 72

Cambrian Explosion

Back 72

535 mya. Large radiation of life

Front 73

Hypotheses of the occurrence of the Cambrian Explosion

Back 73

1. New predator-prey interactions

2. Rise in O2

3. Evolution of the Hox gene

Front 74

Three Aspects of Body Plans

Back 74

1. Symmetry

2. Tissues

3. Body Cavities

Front 75

Arthropods

Back 75

Segmented bodies, hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages. Makes up 2/3 of animal species

Front 76

Myllokummigia fengiaoa

Back 76

Ist known chordate. Lived 530 mya. It lacked armor and appendages

Front 77

Vertebrates

Back 77

Have a back bone made out of vertebrae

Front 78

Chordates

Back 78

1. notochord

2. Dorsal/ hollow never cord

3. Pharyngeal slits

4. muscular, post-anal tail

Front 79

Lancelets

Back 79

basal taxa of chordates

Front 80

what animal group was the first to colonize land and when

Back 80

arthropods and 450 mya

Front 81

when do vertebrates colonize land

Back 81

365 mya

Front 82

cuticle (animals)

Back 82

an exoskeleton made of layers of protein and chitin. (helps prevent drying out)

Front 83

Tiktaalik

Back 83

A fishapod... it had fins, gills, lungs and scales. It had ribs, shoulder bones and neck. It is marked as a major key in tetrapod evolution. (365 mya)

Front 84

When did Earth form

Back 84

4.6 bya

Front 85

Ribozymes

Back 85

RNA molecules that catalyze many different reactions

Front 86

Diameter of a prokaryote

Back 86

0.5-5 micrometers

Front 87

Peptidoglycan

Back 87

networks of sugars crossed linked by polypeptides. These are part of prokaryotic cell surfaces

Front 88

Archaeal cell walls

Back 88

made of polysaccharides and proteins

Front 89

Fimbrae

Back 89

allow bacteria to stick together

Front 90

Pili

Back 90

like fimbrae, but allow DNA to exchange

Front 91

Genetic Recombination

Back 91

combines DNA from two sources and is achieved through transformation, transduction and conjugation

Front 92

Shared characteristics of plants and charophytes

Back 92

rings of cellulose synthesizing complexes and structure of flagellated sperm

Front 93

large plant structures show up...

Back 93

425 mya

Front 94

fungal cell walls are made of...

Back 94

chitin

Front 95

similarities between seed plants

Back 95

reduced gametophytes, ovules and pollen

Front 96

endophytes

Back 96

fungi that live inside leaves or other plants

Front 97

ameobocytes

Back 97

cells in sponges that help with digestion and structure

Front 98

bilaterans arose around...

Back 98

660 mya

Front 99

tissues

Back 99

collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membrane layers that act as a functional unit

Front 100

body cavity

Back 100

may cushion suspended organs, act as a hydrostatic skeleton, and enable internal organs to move independently

Front 101

eumetazoas

Back 101

animals with true tissues

Front 102

Points that are reflected in animal phylogeny

Back 102

1. all animals share a common ancestor

2. Sponges are basal animals

3. Eumetozoas are a clade of animals with true tissues

4. most animals are bilaterans

5. most animals are invertebrates

Front 103

gnathostomes

Back 103

jawed vertebrates