Turf Special Precautions When Using Herbs

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Special Precautions Using Herb

Drift
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mov of pest thru air to areas NOT intended.

Bad for
livestock
people
wildlife
public areas
aquatic etc

What is the most costly problem facing pest applicator?

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DRIFT is most costly problem facing us

Drift damage results in
fines
loss of certification
lawsuits!

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SPRAY DRIFT

any spray drifts! so air currents act on suspended spray droplets, carry it past target.
What size particles present the greatest drift hazard?

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150 microns (size of fog or mist!)

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Lots of factors will make spray DRIFT:
size of droplets
nozzle to target distance
type of spray (oil water etc)
spray additives
app equipment
wind dirction / velocity
temp inversions

There is a picture pp17 showing tractor laying a swath and spray doing what?

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DRIFTING downwind

its called

DRIFT LOSS

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what can make spray dropletes evaporate rapidly into smaller dropletes?
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hi temps

low relative humidity

this condition causes evap RAPIDLY to smaller dropletes!

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what condition can cause even more problems with drift?

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calm winds
temp inversions
slight air currents can cause BIG drift or fine dropletes.

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What is a temperature inversion like what we are warning about here?

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cool air settles near the ground w/ warmer air above it.

Fine fine herbicide dropletes OR vapor suspend in this cool air for long times and drift w/ slight breeze OR run downslope!

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Vapor Drift

Volatilization (gas or fumes)

some herbs volitilize and damage stuff downwind. It can volitilize off plants or soil!
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What condition can cause this to happen?

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the potential of vapor drift can INCREASE as

relative humidity decreases
temperatures increase

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Spray Drift
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Any herb can drift. Particles smaller than what present the greatest drift hazard?

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150 microns present the greatest drift hazard.

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Several factors affect direction distance and amt of spray drift

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size of droplets
nozzle to target distance
type of spray (oil water)
spray additives
app equipment
wind direction
temp inversions

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Again hi temps and low relative humidity cause ...
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spray droplets to evaporate rapidly into smaller droplets
more likely to drift

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what is a temp inversion?

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cool air settles near ground

warmer air is above it

so fine droplets of herb suspend in this and air currents push it away everywhere the wind takes it

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2,4-D FORMULATIONS and HAZARDS

common in turf herbs!

So you got to consider stuff to get great results w/ 2,4-D.

Its very effective against broadleaf weeds, but also active against what?

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desirable broadleaf too!

Roses grapes peas tomatoes
very sensitive to 2,4-D. So? Be aware of DRIFT. Thats part of this discussion, drift!

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Drift of 2,4-D to suseptible vegetation can occuur as a vapor from spay drift!

so do what?

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study the area around target where your product might drift to b/c it can drift as a vapor OR spray drift. So some places will only allow low-volite ester formulas and NOT 2,4-D hi volatile ester forms b/c of hi pot of damage from vapor drift.

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GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
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we have to prevent herb leaching into grounwater.

what is the herb characteristics that affect leachability/

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the strength herbs adsorb onto soil particles
solubillity of herb in water

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What can make a site very vulnerable to contamination to water?

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heavy rain
irrigation
sandy soils
using residual herbs w/ shallow water tables

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HERB THAT ARE KNOWN TO LEACH HAVE A GROUNDWATER ADVISORY STATEMENT IN THE ...

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ENVIROMENTAL HAZARD STATEMENT IN LABEL. USE CAREFULLY IF USING IT AROUND LEACHBLE SOIL OR PICK SOMETHING ELSE TO USE

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CONTAMINATED EQUIPMENT

Lots of crops, gardesn etc are destroyed from using equipment that wasn't cleaned, the stuff was contaminated w/ herb from previous apps. So consider what?

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reserving one spray unit only for a certain herb!

Dedicate one sprayer for nonselective herbs and one form selective sprays

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throughly flush gear each time your thru using it. apply RINSATE why?

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RINSATE reduces the generation and concentration of wastes at cleanup area.

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Cleaning the tank in and outside b/f doing maintenance work. Parts directly exposed to spray have residue like hoses tank boom etc wear gloves and long sleeve shirt to prevent ...

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skin contact w/ residues.

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Most herb label have directions for cleaning up gear after its use BUT if not follow these instructions

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flush tank w/ clean water then with rinsate
fil sprayer to capcity w/ water, one cup of trisodium phosphate or ammonia for ea 10 gallons of water. OR soap
wash tank etc for 5 minutes w/ nozzle closed
let cleaning solution stay in overnight.
discharge to clean hoses and nozzles
drain sprayer & remove nozzles screens strainers
scrub stuff w/ brush
rins sprayer w/ water & resessmble

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Do not allow herb formulated as suspension WP WDG DF w/o constant agitation. why?

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it settles and cakes so you can't clean it

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Soil RESIDUAL HERBICIDES
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persist in soil and remain active long time. Residual herbs are commonly used on ...

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ornamentals!

Its applied to soil and great against germinating weed seed and seedlings. Roots & shoots of germinating seedlings absorb this chemical. soil residual herbicides vary in solubility in water. many remain close to soil surface

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soil residual herbs can what?

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can control weed for several weeks to several years

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In ornamentals we want residual action to last for severalw weeks or years for?

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bareground management.
Make sure this herb has broken down b/f planting susceptible plants!

In maintenance situations, soil residual herb persists to give lont time weed control.
At low concentration it provide selective control, at higher app rates, it b/c nonselective

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Nonselective long term control removes most all vegetation around sites like ...

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warehouses
storage areas
substations

Why? Vegetation around these building are fire hazards!

Also public nusuances
health hazards
breeding areas for rats
reduce safety

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LTR = LONG TERM RESIDUAL herbs

kills most vegetation and leaves the soil what?

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nonproductive from 1 to several years!
Residual activity depends on chemical and degration rate, leaching, soils clay, organic matter content, soil moisture, app rate.

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What is a SOIL STERILANT?

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LTR long term residual herbs were called this but now its called

BAREGROUND TREATMENTS
b/c LTR herbs only kill plant life NOT weed seeds fungi bacteria other microorganisms as some soil fumigants do

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SOIL PERSISTENCE
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what is soil persistence?

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length of time herb is hot.

the time we can expect control

soil persistence is important b/c of potential injury to other plantings.

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Several things make a herb persistent in soil.
Photodegradation
what is this?

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sunlight breaking down of the herb on soil surface.

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Another factor affects a herbs persistence called
Microbial Degradation
what is this?

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soil microorganism like bacteria fungi algae eat synthetic herbs decompose it, some quickly.

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Chemical degradation

whats causes this?

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oxidation
reduction
hydrolysis
all this usually in warm moist soil. Soil pH influences the rate of chem breakdown

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ADSORPTION TO SOIL & ORGANIC MATTER

we've been over this a hunded times, whats this about?

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soil particles and organic matter tie up herb so its less available for absorption by plant roots and for degradation process.

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To review this subject:

soils hi in clay require more soil applied herb than ...

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sandy soils

because herb binds to clay soil more!

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soils hi in organic matter require ...

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higher rates of soil applied herb

just what we just said

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soils w/ hi organic matter, the adsorbed herb may come off or detach so slowly that the chemical what?

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doesn't kill the weeds

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LEACHING

Herb may move or leach thru soil w/ water. What factors influence leaching?

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amt of water going thru the soil
herb adsorption on soil and organic matter
solubility of the herb in water

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What does Herb leach more readily thru?

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sandy soil low in organic matter

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Volatilization

A compound is volatile when is ...

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changes from a solid to a gas AT ORDINARY TEMPERATTURES

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as chemical volatilize they are ...
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lost to the atmosphere as gas. So we need to get that chemical INCORPORATED into the soil by:
overhead irrigation
rain
mechanical incorporation
to reduce herb loss.

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MANAGING UNWANTED HERBICIDES IN THE SOIL

there is the idea of unwanted herbicides in the soil

they pose a serious problem to landscapers. How does this happen?

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excessive apps that overlay putting down wrong herbs
drift or runoff from neighbors shit
residues from a residual herb
excessively dry or cool conditions

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Always consider what when selecting a herbicide?

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its residual activity that could persist and injure any scheduled new plantings

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Here are methods to handle unwanted herbs in the soil:

Plant plants tolerant to the unwanted herbicides. The label lists tolerant ornamentals

Delay planting sensitive plants until residues dissipate. keep moist and warm to help bacteria break down the bad herbicide.

What else?

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deep cultivation helps dilute herb that are 'stuck'
mix in organic matter. maybe activated charcoal

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fixing an unwanted herb in soil is a bitch, usually having to ...

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combine several methods at same time just listed