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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is IPM? |
Integrated Pest Management |
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Define IPM |
The process of pest management that incorporates all available control and management options to reduce pests to a tolerable level. This is done in a way that is environmental sustainable and practical |
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What does this diagram represent? |
The disease (or pest) triangle |
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What are the three components of the Disease (or pest) triangle? |
Host Pathogen Environment |
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Explain the Disease or pest Triangle and it's 3 main factors |
To have a disease, weed, or pest problem, all three factors of the Disease (or pest) triangle MUST be present. 1. HOST - weak or unhealthy turf grass 2. A present pathogen - insect, fungus, bacteria. 3. A favourable environment for the Pest to spread. |
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What are the 3 different growth habits for turfgrasses? |
1. Rhizomatous 2. Stononiferous 3. Bunch Type (tillering) |
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Which growth habit is displayed here? |
Rhizomatous |
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Which growth habits is shown here? |
Stoloniferous |
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Which growth habit is shown here? |
Bunch type (tillering) |
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Of the three turf growth types, which produces the least thatch? Rhizomatous, Stoloniferous, or Bunch type? |
Bunch Type |
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Name the 5 primary turf grass species in Atlantic Canada |
1. Bluegrasses 2. Fine rescues 3. Rye grasses 4. Tall fescues 5. Bentgrasses |
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One of the most desirable turf grass species for lawns and athletic fields. It is desirable due to its dark color, high shoot density, and cushiony feel underfoot |
Kentucky bluegrass |
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Why does Kentucky blue grass have such a high recuperative ability? |
It's extensive formation of rhizomes |
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Why is it hard to establish a monoculture of Kentucky Blue grass? |
Seeds are slow to germinate |
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Growth habit of Kentucky Blue Grass |
Rhizomatous |
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Germination time of Kentucky Blue grass |
14-21 days |
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How does the Kentucky Blue grass germination rate compare to the other 4 species of turf grass? |
Kentucky Blue grass has the longest germination rate |
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The wear tolerance of blue grasses |
Excellent |
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How does Kentucky Blue Grass perform in the shade? |
Poorly |
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What are the growth habits of rye grasses? |
Bunch Type (tillering) |
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How does the germination rate of rye grasses compare to the other turf grasses? |
Rye grasses germinate fastest. |
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Kentucky Blue Grass (Poa pretensis) |
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Kentucky Blue Grass (Poa pratensis) |
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Ryegrass |
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Ryegrass |
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Tall fescues |
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Fine fescues |
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Fine fescues |
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How does annual ryegrass perform in shade? How is its wear tolerance? |
Poor in shade. Poor wear performance |
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How does perennial rye grass perform in shade? |
Moderate (average) |
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How much input is required for fine fescues? |
Considered low input grasses. (Low amount of fertilizer and irrigation) |
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Wear tolerance of fine fescues |
Poor |
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Fine Fescues shade performance |
Good |
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Fine fescues are resistant to above ground insect feeding due to the presence of _________. |
Endophytic fungi |
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Fungal organisms that live in certain plant species and can inhibit above ground insect feeding. |
Endophytic fungi |
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Fine fescues winter hardiness |
Excellent |
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Popularity used, what is the most shade tolerant of the fine fescues? |
Creeping red Fescue |
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A term used for a fast germinating grass species that is planted on bare soils to provide quick groundcover while more desirable, slower germinating, species develop. |
Nurse grass |
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When used as a nurse grass, perennial Rye Grass should not exceed ___% by weight of the seed mixture. If exceeded it may dominate the turf Grass stand |
30% |
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Why should rye grass NOT be grown in a monoculture? |
Limited winter hardiness leads to significant loss of cover every few winters |
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What are 2 reasons tall fescues are desirable? |
1. Deep roots make them drought tolerant. 2. Endophytic fungi make them resistant to above ground insect feeding |
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What is Annual Rye grass mostly used as? |
A nurse grass in low profile, low maintenance lawns |
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Specialty grasses that are primarily used in golf courses |
Bentgrasses |
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Why are Bentgrasses popular in the golf course industry? |
They withstand extremely low mowing |
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Why are Bentgrass considered impractical for home lawns? |
They require high input. |
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How does Supina Blue grass survive in drought conditions? |
It goes dormant |
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What are the irrigation and fertility needs of Kentucky Blue grass? |
High. Note : Requires High irrigation to keep it green, however it does have the ability to go dormant a remain without water for an extended period of time. |
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What are some examples of a microclimate? |
Shade caused by trees or buildings, Areas at the top of a slope (reduced water), areas at the bottom of a slope (too much water), next to pavement causing Increased temperatures |
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The percentage of the seed (by weight) that is specified on the label as being a specific cultivar and species indicated. |
Seed purity.
Example. Label suggests 95% seed purity in a 50kg bag of seed. 47.5kg of the seed will be the specific cultivar suggested
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This refers to the contents of a bag that is pure seed AND is expected to germinate. |
Pure Live Seed (PLS) |
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Fungal organisms that live in certain species and can increase pest resistence by reducing above ground insect feeding. |
Endopyhte |
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These fungi aid in pest resistence due to toxins they release which deter insect feeding |
Endopyhtes |
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Are Seed Blends and Seed Mixtures the same thing? |
No |
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What is a Seed Blend? |
A blend is a combination of two or more cultivars within the same species. Example: An athletic field with Kentucky Bluegrass will likely have 3 different cultivars to increase the overall hardiness of the stand |
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What is a Seed Mixture? |
A combination of two or more species planted together. Example: Common home lawn mixture consists of Kentucky Blue grass, perennial Rye grass, and fine fescues. |
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Why might clover be intentionally added to a lawn? |
Clovers acquires nitrogen from the atmosphere by a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. This reduces the need for nitrogen fertilization. |
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3 methods of establishing turf grass |
Dry seeding. Hydraulic seeding. Laying sod |
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What time of the year is it best to place seed of irrigation is not available? |
BEFORE Mid June or BETWEEN mid August and Mid September |
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What is the recommended thickness for the soil layer on sod? |
1.5 cm 1/2 inch |
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Can sod be installed on frozen ground? |
Yes. |
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To prevent seeds drying out during the first couple weeks it is recommended to keep the top ___ of soil moist to sustain new seedlings |
1/4 - 1/2 inch 6-12 mm |
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Which turf grass is the best choice for high traffic areas? |
Kentucky bluegrass |
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Bluegrasses use endopyhtes to reduce above ground insect feeding. True or False. |
False. No bluegrasses are known to contain endopyhtes |
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This species of turf often is used on sod farms because the rhizomes create natural knitting which holds the sod together |
Kentucky Blue Grass |
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Kentucky Blue Grass |
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Why are Tall Fescues drought tolerant? |
Deep roots |
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What is present in Tall Fescues that makes them resistant to above ground insect feeding? |
Endophytic fungi |
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What 2 commonly used turf grasses that are bunch types? |
Perennial Rye Grass and tall fescues |
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What disadvantage does a monoculture of Ryegrass represent in our climate? |
Limited winter hardiness means significant loss every few winters. |
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Xeriscaping |
The concept of saving water in attractively landscaped area. |
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What are the seven basic prinnciples in a successful Xeriscaped site |
1. Group plants with similar cultural requirements (water, exposure) 2. Improving soils with organic matter 3. Native or indigenous plants are best suited for your sites conditions. 4. Turf areas should be reduced as they require large amounts of water 5. Make sure water only lands on the landscaped areas. Water in morning to reduce evaporation 6. Mulching keeps soils cooler, retains water, and reduces runoff 7. Avoid high levels of fertilizers and frequent lawn mowing |
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Warm season grass |
Do best in summer heat. Are not green until late spring Become dormant in fall |
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Cool season grasses |
Grow best in cool daytime temperatures (spring and fall) And go dormant in summer heat |
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Capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots. Those at the base of most grass leaf blades allow damaged leaves to rapidly regrow |
Intercalary meristem |
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Type of mower |
Reel mower |
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Type of mower most commonly used on specialized turf grasses |
Reel mower |
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Rotary mower |
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Flail mower |
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Most fescues are tolerant of shade. True or False |
True |
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Powdery mildew |
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Fairy ring |
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Commonly recommended seeding rates for turf |
1.5 to 2.5kg of seed per 100m2 3-5lbs of seed per 1000sq feet |
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The optimum pH for turf |
6.5 pH |
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Class A turf |
Low tolerance for pest presence. Golf greens, irrigated sports fields, fine ornamental lawns. |
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Class B turf |
Moderate tolerance for pest presence Residential and commercial lawns. Recreational areas. Golf fairways |
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Class C turf |
High tolerance for pest presence Meadows, picnic areas, undevelop3d areas |
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Which tolerates shade better, Kentucky Blue Grass or Rye grass? |
Rye grass |
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Between Rye grass, Kentucky bluegrass, and Fescues, which is best for shade? |
Fescues |
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Red fescues are tolerant of hot humid summers. True of False |
False. They are not tolerant. |
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How does Kentucky Blue Grass react to high temperatures? |
It goes dormant |
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Is Kentucky Blue Grass tolerant of heavy foot traffic? |
Yes. |
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Allelopathic |
A biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. |
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A biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. |
Alleliopathic |
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A toxic effect by a compound on plant growth. Such damage may be caused by a wide variety of compounds, including trace metals, salinity, pesticides |
Phytotoxicity |
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Phytotoxicity |
A toxic effect by a compound on plant growth. Such damage may be caused by a wide variety of compounds, including trace metals, salinity, pesticides |
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Of the 3 growth habits which produces the most thatch? |
Stoloniferous. Stems decompose slowly |
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Stoloniferous grasses mix well with other growth types True or False |
False. They tend to form patches when planted with species from other growth habit groups |
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Lolium perenne |
Perennial Ryegrass |
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Lolium multiflorum |
Annual ryegrass |
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Rye grass growth type |
Bunch type |
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Bent grass growth type |
Stoloniferous |
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Supina bluegrass growth type |
Stoloniferous |
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Lolium arundinacea |
Tall fescue |
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Agrostis stolonifera |
Creeping bentgrass |
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Tall fescues growth habit |
Bunch Type Some cultivars are Weakly rhizomatous |
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Fine fescues are generally winter hardy, drought tolerant and are tolerant of poor soil conditions True or false |
True. |
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What is the most shade tolerant species of fine fescues? |
Creeping red fescue |
