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81 Cards in this Set
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1850 - G. Mendel
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Beginnings of molecular biology because of its linkages to genetics; 4 Laws of Inheritance
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Beginnings of molecular biology because of its linkages to genetics; 4 Laws of Inheritance
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1868 - F. Meisher
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Isolated nuclein (mixture of protein and nucleic acid; aka chromatin) from nuclei
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Isolated nuclein (mixture of protein and nucleic acid; aka chromatin) from nuclei
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1889 - Altman
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Created a method for isolating protein-free nucleic acid
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Created a method for isolating protein-free nucleic acid
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1990 - deVries, Correns, vonTshawak
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Each independently rediscovered Mendel's paper after arriving at the same conclusions (4 Laws now attributed to Mendel)
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Each independently rediscovered Mendel's paper after arriving at the same conclusions (4 Laws now attributed to Mendel)
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1901 - deVries
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Used "mutation" to describe the sudden, spontaneous, drastic alteration to the genetic material (still not known)
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Used "mutation" to describe the sudden, spontaneous, drastic alteration to the genetic material (still not known)
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1902 - Sutton
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Proposed chromosomal theory of heredity based on Mendel's Laws/independent assortment when looking at cells under the microscope
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Proposed chromosomal theory of heredity based on Mendel's Laws/independent assortment when looking at cells under the microscope
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1905 - Wilson and Stevens
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Discovered males were XY and females were XX
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Discovered males were XY and females were XX
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1910 - T.H. Morgan
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One of the major major players; orginally set out to disprove chromosomal theory; studied Drosophila and found white-eyed male mutant x red-eyed female could only be explained if the gene for eye color was found on the X chromosome; SEX-LINKED GENES
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One of the major major players; orginally set out to disprove chromosomal theory; studied Drosophila and found white-eyed male mutant x red-eyed female could only be explained if the gene for eye color was found on the X chromosome; SEX-LINKED GENES
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1928 - F. Griffith
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Described the process of type-specific transformation using smooth and rough streptococcus bacteria
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Described the process of type-specific transformation using smooth and rough streptococcus bacteria
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1931 - Barbara McClintock
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Gave world cytological proof of crossing over with pictures taken under the microscope, describing the effect chromosomal segments have
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Gave world cytological proof of crossing over with pictures taken under the microscope, describing the effect chromosomal segments have
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1933 - Barbara McClintock
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Showed dicentric bridges and acentric fragments result when crossover occurs within an inversion
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Showed dicentric bridges and acentric fragments result when crossover occurs within an inversion
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1933 - T.H. Morgan
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Won one of the first Nobel Prizes for his work with Drosophila
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Won one of the first Nobel Prizes for his work with Drosophila
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1934 - Barbara McClintock
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Showed nucleoli organizing region of the nucleus can be split by translocation (moves the rRNA gene region, yielding 2 nucleoli in 1 nucleus)
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Showed nucleoli organizing region of the nucleus can be split by translocation (moves the rRNA gene region, yielding 2 nucleoli in 1 nucleus)
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1938 - Barbara McClintock
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(?)
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1950 - Barbara McClintock
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Described AcDs system in corn of transposable elements ("jumping genes")
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Described AcDs system in corn of transposable elements ("jumping genes")
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1941 - G.W. Beadle and E.L. Tatum
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Performed experiment with Neurospora that led to postulation of one gene-enzyme hypothesis (linking proteins and genes); one of the first papers dealing with biomedical genetics
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Performed experiment with Neurospora that led to postulation of one gene-enzyme hypothesis (linking proteins and genes); one of the first papers dealing with biomedical genetics
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1944 - Avery, Lacloed, and McCarty
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Expanded on Griffith's work due to new advances in technology; able to strongly suggest DNA is the genetic material
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Expanded on Griffith's work due to new advances in technology; able to strongly suggest DNA is the genetic material
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1946 - Lederberg and Tatum
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Described genetic recombination in bacteria (aka conjugation - bacterial reproduction)
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Described genetic recombination in bacteria (aka conjugation - bacterial reproduction)
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1949 - A. Hershey
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Described genetic recombination in bacteriophage (viruses)
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Described genetic recombination in bacteriophage (viruses)
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1948-1950 - E. Chargaff
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Chargaff's Rules: A=T, G=C, A+G=T+C, A+T≠G+C
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Chargaff's Rules: A=T, G=C, A+G=T+C, A+T≠G+C
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1952 - A. Hershey and M. Chase
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Performed experiment involving T2 phage, labeling nucleic acid and protein; only nucleic acid was detected in host and passed to progeny, undoubtly confirming DNA as the genetic information
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Performed experiment involving T2 phage, labeling nucleic acid and protein; only nucleic acid was detected in host and passed to progeny, undoubtly confirming DNA as the genetic information
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1953 - J.D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick
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Described/proposed the 3D structure of DNA
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Described/proposed the 3D structure of DNA
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1956 - S. Ochoa
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Described the in vitro enzymatic synthesis of RNA
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Described the in vitro enzymatic synthesis of RNA
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1956 - A. Kornberg
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Described the in vitro synthesis of DNA
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Described the in vitro synthesis of DNA
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1957 - A. Todd
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Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on the structure of nucleotides and nucleosides
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Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on the structure of nucleotides and nucleosides
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1958 - F.H.C. Crick
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Milestone discussion proposing amino acids are carried to the template for protein synthesis by adapter molecules composed of nucleotides that interact with the template; aka discovery of tRNA
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Milestone discussion proposing amino acids are carried to the template for protein synthesis by adapter molecules composed of nucleotides that interact with the template; aka discovery of tRNA
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1958 - Messelsonn and Stahl
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Described and proved DNA replication occurs in a semi-conservative manner (each of the polymers/nucleotide chains serve as a template for synthesis of its complement strand)
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Described and proved DNA replication occurs in a semi-conservative manner (each of the polymers/nucleotide chains serve as a template for synthesis of its complement strand)
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1959 - Sinsheimer
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Discovered φX174 consists of single-stranded DNA
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Discovered φX174 consists of single-stranded DNA
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1959 - McQuillion, Roberts, and Britten
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Showed ribosomes represent the site of protein synthesis in E. coli
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Showed ribosomes represent the site of protein synthesis in E. coli
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1959 - S. Ochoa and A. Kornberg
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Shared Nobel Prize
Note: Earlier and more quickly than Watson and Crick |
Shared Nobel Prize
Note: Earlier and more quickly than Watson and Crick |
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1960 - Doty, Marmur, and others
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Demonstrated complimentary strands of DNA can be separated and come back together exactly as before (ability to denature and renature DNA)
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Demonstrated complimentary strands of DNA can be separated and come back together exactly as before (ability to denature and renature DNA)
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1961 - Jacob and Monod
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Wrote paper describing the operon and how it's regulated, forming operon theory; suggested ribosome itself does NOT contain the template for protein synthesis; proposal for a structural messenger (something between DNA and protein), aka mRNA
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Wrote paper describing the operon and how it's regulated, forming operon theory; suggested ribosome itself does NOT contain the template for protein synthesis; proposal for a structural messenger (something between DNA and protein), aka mRNA
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1962 - Watson and Crick
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Awarded Nobel Prize for work on DNA structure (along with M.H.F. Wickins)
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Awarded Nobel Prize for work on DNA structure (along with M.H.F. Wickins)
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1965 - Jacob and Monod
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Awarded Nobel Prize for work on operon theory
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Awarded Nobel Prize for work on operon theory
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1961 - Hall and Speigelman
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Demonstrated ssDNA can be hybridized with RNA (aka DNA:RNA hybridization - valuable tool in molecular biology)
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Demonstrated ssDNA can be hybridized with RNA (aka DNA:RNA hybridization - valuable tool in molecular biology)
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1961 - Crick and others
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Postulated genetic code was a 3-letter word
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Postulated genetic code was a 3-letter word
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1961 - Nirenberg and Matthai
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Developed a cell-free system for protein synthesis from E. coli; provided a system with a synthetic messenger consisting of poly-U RNA and looked into see capabilities, creating synthesis protein consisting of Phe residues (U-U-U = Phe-Phe-Phe)
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Developed a cell-free system for protein synthesis from E. coli; provided a system with a synthetic messenger consisting of poly-U RNA and looked into see capabilities, creating synthesis protein consisting of Phe residues (U-U-U = Phe-Phe-Phe)
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1962 - Gurdon
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Showed a normal, fertile frog develops from an anucleated egg injected with an intestinal cell nucleus, aka the first CLONING!!!; showed that every nucleus of every cell contains every bit of genetic info for the organism
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Showed a normal, fertile frog develops from an anucleated egg injected with an intestinal cell nucleus, aka the first CLONING!!!; showed that every nucleus of every cell contains every bit of genetic info for the organism
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1964 - Setlow et al
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Determined/worked on the process of excision repair in bacteria
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Determined/worked on the process of excision repair in bacteria
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1965 - Rilossa and Speigelman
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Demonstrated the nuclear organizer of Drosophila has multiple copies of genes that produce rRNA through DNA:RNA hybridization
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Demonstrated the nuclear organizer of Drosophila has multiple copies of genes that produce rRNA through DNA:RNA hybridization
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1966 - Weiss and Richardson
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Isolated enzyme that proves itself valuable over and over again, DNA ligase (joins DNA fragments together)
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Isolated enzyme that proves itself valuable over and over again, DNA ligase (joins DNA fragments together)
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1966 - Crick
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Proposed "Wobble" hypothesis - explained the degeneracy of the genetic code (?)
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Proposed "Wobble" hypothesis - explained the degeneracy of the genetic code (?)
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1967 - Khorana et al
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Used repeated 2 annd 3 base sequences to elucidate (most) of the genetic code
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Used repeated 2 annd 3 base sequences to elucidate (most) of the genetic code
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1967 - Goulian, A. Kornberg, and Sinsheimer
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Used φX174 DNA (single stranded) for in vitro synthesis to determine if DNA Polymerase I was capable of replicating; synthesized a complete copy of φX174 that was biologically active
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Used φX174 DNA (single stranded) for in vitro synthesis to determine if DNA Polymerase I was capable of replicating; synthesized a complete copy of φX174 that was biologically active
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1968 - Okasaki et al
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Found newly synthesized DNA during replication contains many fragments (later named after him)
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Found newly synthesized DNA during replication contains many fragments (later named after him)
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1968 - Smith, Wilcox, and Kelly
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Isolated and characterized HindII (first restriction endonuclease, first of many "scissors" discovered)
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Isolated and characterized HindII (first restriction endonuclease, first of many "scissors" discovered)
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1968 - Holly
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Nobel Prize awarded
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Nobel Prize awarded
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1970 - Baltimore and Temin
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Independently discovered RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase(reverse transcriptase) from retroviruses
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Independently discovered RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase(reverse transcriptase) from retroviruses
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1970 - Smith and Wilcox
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Showed some restriction enzymes cut DNA that produce fragments with single-stranded ends (aka "sticky ends")
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Showed some restriction enzymes cut DNA that produce fragments with single-stranded ends (aka "sticky ends")
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1971 - Dana and Nathans
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Used restriction enzymes and cut/cleave cccDNA; cleaved SV40 (primate virus) and determined the physical order to the fragments (aka restriction mapping)
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Used restriction enzymes and cut/cleave cccDNA; cleaved SV40 (primate virus) and determined the physical order to the fragments (aka restriction mapping)
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1972 - Jackson, Symons, and Berg
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Joined together SV40 DNA + λ DNA, performing the first in vitro joining of DNA from different "organisms"
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Joined together SV40 DNA + λ DNA, performing the first in vitro joining of DNA from different "organisms"
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1972 - Cohn, Chang, and Hsu
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Demonstrated E. coli can take up cccDNA, detected by antibiotic screening (showed transformed cells resistance to antibiotics)
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Demonstrated E. coli can take up cccDNA, detected by antibiotic screening (showed transformed cells resistance to antibiotics)
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1973 - Choen, Chang, Heller, and Boyer
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Constructed the first in vitro and biologically functional recombinant plasmid
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Constructed the first in vitro and biologically functional recombinant plasmid
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1974 - Shire and Dalgarno
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Showed 3' end of E. coli's 16S-rRNA has complement sequence to ribosomal binding sites found in E. coli mRNA; suggested the role of 16S-rRNA in the initiation of protein synthesis (not all enzymes are proteins!!!)
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Showed 3' end of E. coli's 16S-rRNA has complement sequence to ribosomal binding sites found in E. coli mRNA; suggested the role of 16S-rRNA in the initiation of protein synthesis (not all enzymes are proteins!!!)
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1975 - Asilomer Conference
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2 major things emerged: (1) documented NIH guidelines for recombinant DNA research, (2) commissioned Roy Curtis III, most preeminent geneticist of the time, to develop a host strain that could NOT survive outside the laboratory (E. coli strain X1776; did not survive in lab either since too weak, any manipulation at all would kill it)
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2 major things emerged: (1) documented NIH guidelines for recombinant DNA research, (2) commissioned Roy Curtis III, most preeminent geneticist of the time, to develop a host strain that could NOT survive outside the laboratory (E. coli strain X1776; did not survive in lab either since too weak, any manipulation at all would kill it)
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1975 - Pribnow
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Determined sequence for 2T7φ promotors which became models for modern promotor functions/structures
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Determined sequence for 2T7φ promotors which became models for modern promotor functions/structures
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1975 - E.M. Southern
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Developed a method for the transfer of DNA to nitrocellulous-filters that could ultimately be denatured and probed with RNA, DNA, etc.; aka Southern Blotting
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Developed a method for the transfer of DNA to nitrocellulous-filters that could ultimately be denatured and probed with RNA, DNA, etc.; aka Southern Blotting
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1976 - Genetech formed (company)
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One of the first genetic engineering companies; formed to take advantage of emerging recombinant technology; first time biologists could actually make money!
Herbert Boyer, Cohen, Berg |
One of the first genetic engineering companies; formed to take advantage of emerging recombinant technology; first time biologists could actually make money!
Herbert Boyer, Cohen, Berg |
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1977 - Sanger et al; Maxam and Gilbert
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Independently developed techniques for a fairly rapid sequencing of nucleic acid
Maxam and Gilbert - chemical method; used DMS, hydrozine, etc.; method no longer in use Sanger et al - enzymatic method; using the inherent replicative properties of DNA to develop chain-terminal (?) method for DNA technology; 2' 3' ddNTP; reports first complete sequence of an organism (φX174, 5386 bases) |
Independently developed techniques for a fairly rapid sequencing of nucleic acid
Maxam and Gilbert - chemical method; used DMS, hydrozine, etc.; method no longer in use Sanger et al - enzymatic method; using the inherent replicative properties of DNA to develop chain-terminal (?) method for DNA technology; 2' 3' ddNTP; reports first complete sequence of an organism (φX174, 5386 bases) |
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1977 - Several groups
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Reported discovery of intervening sequences in eukaryotic primary transcripts
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Reported discovery of intervening sequences in eukaryotic primary transcripts
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1978 - W. Gilbert
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Names intervening sequences introns (and others exons)
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Names intervening sequences introns (and others exons)
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1980 - SCOTUS
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Allows patenting of genetically modified organisms
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Allows patenting of genetically modified organisms
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1980 - Berg, Gilbert, and Sanger
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Nobel Prize awarded for experimental manipulation of DNA (2nd Nobel awarded to Sanger)
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Nobel Prize awarded for experimental manipulation of DNA (2nd Nobel awarded to Sanger)
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1981 - Bishop and Varmus
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(?) Demonstrated tumerogenic properties of Rous sarcoma virus (found in chicken, first described in 1911) were caused by a gene virus containing v-src; used Southern blotting to find c-src counterpart in chicken cells (retrovirus); identification of first oncogene!
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(?) Demonstrated tumerogenic properties of Rous sarcoma virus (found in chicken, first described in 1911) were caused by a gene virus containing v-src; used Southern blotting to find c-src counterpart in chicken cells (retrovirus); identification of first oncogene!
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1982 - Eli Lily (company)
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Marketed the first recombinant DNA drug, Humilin, that produced human insulin; drug originally developed at Genetech and patent sold
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Marketed the first recombinant DNA drug, Humilin, that produced human insulin; drug originally developed at Genetech and patent sold
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1983 - Barbara McClintock
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Finally awarded Nobel Prize for work
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Finally awarded Nobel Prize for work
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1985 - Jefferies et al
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Developed a technique called DNA fingerprinting; proposed this technology could have potential use in forensics
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Developed a technique called DNA fingerprinting; proposed this technology could have potential use in forensics
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1985 - Mullis et al
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Described the process of PCR for the amplification of DNA fragments and sequences
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Described the process of PCR for the amplification of DNA fragments and sequences
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1987 - Burke, Carle, and Olsen
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Described a technique for cloning very large fragments of DNA using YACS (Yeast Artificial Chromosomes); generated a "yeast plasmid" with telomere and centromere segments with an ability to generate millions of clones (plasmids only 20000bp, λφ for about 50000bp); treated like an additional chromosome in cell
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Described a technique for cloning very large fragments of DNA using YACS (Yeast Artificial Chromosomes); generated a "yeast plasmid" with telomere and centromere segments with an ability to generate millions of clones (plasmids only 20000bp, λφ for about 50000bp); treated like an additional chromosome in cell
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1988 - Leader and Stewart
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Received first US patent at Harvard University for a genetically altered animal, a breed of mouse strain used for cancer research (high affinity for tumor development, etc.)
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Received first US patent at Harvard University for a genetically altered animal, a breed of mouse strain used for cancer research (high affinity for tumor development, etc.)
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1989 - Bishop and Varmus; Chen and Altman
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Awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the first oncogene and discovery that RNA molecules can show enzymatic activity (not all enzymes are proteins!!!), respectively
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Awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the first oncogene and discovery that RNA molecules can show enzymatic activity (not all enzymes are proteins!!!), respectively
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1989 - Tsui et al
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Identified and characterized at the Toronto Children's Hospital a gene in humans that causes cystic fibrosis; molecular biology is now being used to learn about diseases
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Identified and characterized at the Toronto Children's Hospital a gene in humans that causes cystic fibrosis; molecular biology is now being used to learn about diseases
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1990 - W.F. Anderson
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First successful example of human gene therapy - lymphocytes with ADA cultured and transformed with a retroviral vector and reinjected and multiplied with the correct gene to cure the disease
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First successful example of human gene therapy - lymphocytes with ADA cultured and transformed with a retroviral vector and reinjected and multiplied with the correct gene to cure the disease
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1993 - MacDonald et al
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Cloned and characterized gene Huntington's disease (difficult gene to isolate and characterize because on terminal end of a shorter chromosome)
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Cloned and characterized gene Huntington's disease (difficult gene to isolate and characterize because on terminal end of a shorter chromosome)
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1993 - Mullis
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Awarded Nobel Prize
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Awarded Nobel Prize
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1994 - Miki et al
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Identified the gene BRAC-I, a human anti-oncogene that when mutated, susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer)
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Identified the gene BRAC-I, a human anti-oncogene that when mutated, susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer)
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1997 - Dolly the sheep
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Euthanized in 2003 due to progressive lung disease
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Euthanized in 2003 due to progressive lung disease
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1999
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Sequence for Chromosome 22 completed
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2000
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Human genome was sequenced
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2000-2002
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Beginnings of stem cell research
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Ongoing research
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Identification of genes causing diseases
Mapping/sequencing of other genomes besides humans (Drosophila, E.coli, etc.) Analysis of molecular processes (like Leonard and Grimwade) Use of molecular analysis in forensics |
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