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47 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
Define gibbs free energy |
The amount of energy in a system capable of doing work. Negative = exergonic, spontaneous Positive = endergonic, nonspontaneous |
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The biochemical standard statens of [H+], [H2O] and [Mg2+] |
[H+] =10^-7M [H2O] =55,5M [Mg2+] =1mM Vigtig info. De medtages ikke i beregningen af ligevægtskonstanten, K_eq |
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In thermodynamics, What type of system are living organisms and cells? |
Open system |
The exchange both material and energy with the surroundings |
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What is the equation for calculating the equilibrium constant, K_eq? |
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Tænk på en reaktion med produkt og reaktant |
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What is the equation for standard free energy change? |
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Det er den med K_eq. |
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Equation for the free energy change |
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Det er ikke standard gibbs fri energi, men gibs fri energi. |
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How does living cells lower the activation energy? |
Enzymes |
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How does an endegonic reactions in living cells become a spontaneous process? |
By coupling the endergonic reactions with a very exergonic reaction.
Ex. Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate coupled with hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi |
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How does K_eq help determining if the coupling of 2 reactions are spontaneous? |
By multiplying the 2 reactions K_eq. If the total K_eq increases, then the reaction happens spontaneously |
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The structure of ATP |
Carrier of energy |
Adenosin tri phosphate Indeholder 3 phosphate, ses på navnet Adenosin = fructose molekyle med 2 ringe af aminer |
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Structure of NAD+ |
Carrier of electrons |
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The reaction of ATP hydrolysis |
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Aerob respiration: where? how? how many ATP pr. mol glucose? |
Happens in the cytoplasma (glycolysis) and mitochodria (pyruvate oxidation) Glycolysis --> pyruvate dehydrogenation --> TCA --> ETC --> ATP synthase 30-32 mol ATP pr. mol glucose |
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What is the product of pyruvate in anaerob conditions? (fermentation) |
produces either: 2 ethanol + 2CO_2 or 2 Lactate |
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Anaerob respiration: where? how? how many ATP pr. mol glucose? |
Happens only in cytoplasma From glucose to pyruvate (does not use O_2), and through lactate fermentation produce NAD^+. As for yeast --> ethanol fermentation. 2 mol ATP pr mol glucose |
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Gluconeogenesis: where in the body? cost and reqirements? where in the cell? |
Happens in the liver, the renal cortex and the small intestine cost 4 ATP and requires that there is cytoplasmic NADH Happens in the mitochondria, the endoplamic reticulum and in the cytoplasm |
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the sum reaction of glycolysis |
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sum reaction of gluconeogenesis |
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How many steps does the hydrolysis of ATP and transfer of phosphorylgroup from ATP to substrat? |
2 steps. 1. Step is when a phosphoryl group is dissociated from ATP forming ADP. 2. The phosphorylation of the substrate, results in an unstable intermediate. This means that the phosphoryl group would be a good leaving group and therefore dissociate. The product of the hydrolysis is stable. |
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In the preperatory phase of glycolysis, how many ATP is used? And how many ATP are produced in the payoff phase of glycolysis? |
2 ATP are used 4 ATP are made |
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When are energy (ATP) produced? |
1. When a stable product is produced from an unstable intermediate (free energy < 0) 2. When electrons are transported to reactants with higher affinity. (free energy < 0) |
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What are the 4 fates of glucose in the cell? |
1. Storage 2. Synthesis of polysacharides 3. Glycolysis to produce ATP and NADH 3. Pentose phosphate pathway to produce ribose 5-phosphate and NADPH |
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What are the 3 fates of pyruvate? |
1. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA - > TCA - > ETC (aerobic conditions) (anaerobic conditions) 2. Fermentation of pyruvate to lactate to produce NAD+ 3. Fermentation of pyruvate to ethanol. |
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In glycolysis why do we phosphorylate the glucose? |
1. Because the cells membrane does not have phosphate gl. transporter So the phosphorylated sugar intermediate can not leave the cell.
2. Lowers the activation energy by binding of Pi and enzymes bindingsite (typically Mg2+) 3. High-phosphorylated intermediates donate Pi to ADP to produce ATP |
1. tænk på transport af phosphoryleret glucose gennem membranet 2. tænk på den høje aktiverings energi der skal overkommes. 3. villigheden til at donere phosphoryl grupper.
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which steps in the glycolysis are Substrate Level Phosphorylations? |
Step 7 and 10 step 7: conversion of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to 3 phosphoglycerate via the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase step 10: conversion of PEP to pyruvate via the enzyme pyruvate kinase |
de steder hvor der dannes ATP |
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which steps in the glycolysis uses ATP? |
Step 1 and 3. step 1: conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate via the enzyme hexokinase step 3: conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphophate via the enzyme phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) |
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is the glycolysis the reverse of glyconegenesis? |
No, even though most of the processes in glycolysis are reversible, 3 reactions are irreversible in the glycolysis. steps 1, 3 and 10. in step 1 of gluconeogenesis: the enzyme used to convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate is pyruvate caboxylase. step 2. oxaloacetate converted to PEP via PEP carboxylase step 9. from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate via fructose 1,6-bisphophatase step 11. from glucose 6-phosphate to glucose via the enzyme glucose 6-phophatase |
Tænk på de irreversible processer i glycolysen. step 1, 3 og 10. |
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What is the difference between transketolase and transaldolase? |
Transketolase: moves 2 Carbons and utillizes the co-factor TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) Transaldolase: moves 3 carbon no enzymes/co-factor used. |
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which step in the glycolysis produces NADH? |
step 6: where glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate via the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase |
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Which protein/protein complexes and metabolites contribute to electron transport in ETC (electron transport chain)? |
NADH dehydrogenase (complex 1) Succinate dehydrogenase (complex 2) Cytochrome C oxidoreductase (complex 3) Cytochrome oxidase (complex 4) Ubiquinone Ubiquinol Cytochrome C NADH Succinate |
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what is the structure of ubiquinone? |
oxidized form |
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What is the reaction equation for the convertion of pyruvate to acetyl coA? (pyruvate dehydrogenation) |
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what is the name of the enzyme complex responsible for the convertion of pyruvate to acetyl coA? and which 3 enzymes form the enzyme complex? |
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex formed by E1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase), E2 (dihydrolipoyl transacetylase) and E3 (dihydropoyl dehydrogenase) |
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Which 5 co-factors contribute to pyruvate dehydrogenation? and what are the functions of these co-factors? |
TPP = decarboxylates lipoate=reductive acetylation coenzyme A =reacts with the dehydrated pyruvate NAD^+ = electron transporter FAD = electron transporter |
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What is the net equation for the Citric acid Cycle? |
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shortly and precisely decribe what happens in these steps |
1. emulsification 2. triacylglycerol (TAG) degraded to monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) 3. the monoacylglyceroids and FFA are absorbed in the intestinal cells and TAG are restored. 4. chylomicrons (acts as lipid transporter) are incorported in TAG. 5. TAG is transpoted via the lymphatic system and into the blood stream. 6. TAG is hydrolysed via the capillary adipose tissue to 3 FFA and glycerol, which is catalysed by lipoprotein lipase 7. the FFAs are absrobed in the adipocytes and the glycerol is sent to the liver. 8. the 3 FFA are deesterified with glycerol 3-phosphate and converted to TAG. TAG is stored in lipid droplets. |
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how does the ATP synthase work? for F1 |
F1 region: - responsible for hydrolizing ATP - subunits alpha and beta make a hexamer with 6 binding sites. three of these are catalytically inactive and bind ADP, while the other three catalyze ATP synthesis - subunits gamma (central shaft), delta and epsilon are a part of the rotational motor. - The gamma subunit allows beta to go through conformational changes (beta-ADP, beta-empty, beta-ATP) - for every 3 protons entering the half-channel P-side and exiting from the half-channel N-side, the "shaft"/gamma rotates 120 degrees. - for every rotation, the beta bindingsites changes conformation. |
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how does the ATP synthase work? for F0 |
F0 region:- proton enters half-channel P-side- Proton displaces Arg^210 to adjacent subunit c- Arg^210 rotates displacing the proton from Asp-Displaced proton exits on N-side- c10 ring rotates, Arg^210 returns to P-side half-channel- process repeats |
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mention the 8 types of reactions and the enzymes that catalyze the reaction in the citric acid cycle. |
1) Claisen condensation --> enzyme = citrate synthase 2) dehydration/rehydration --> enzyme = aconitase 3) oxidative decarboxylation --> enzyme =isocitrate dehydrogenase 4) oxidative decarboxylation --> enzyme = alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex 5) substrate level phosphorylation --> enzyme=succinyl-CoA synthetase 6) dehydration --> enzyme = succinate dehydrogenase 7) hydration --> enzyme =fumerase 8) dehydrogenation --> malate dehydrogenase |
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Agents that interfere with oxidative phosphorylation. which agents inhibits the electron transfer? |
sodium azide, cyanide and carbon monoxide (inhibits cytochrome oxidase/ complex 4) Antimycin A (blocks electron transfer from cytochrome b to cytochrome c1) myxothiazol, retenone, amytal, piercidin A (prevents electron transfer from Fe-S center to ubiquinone) |
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Agents that interfere with oxidative phosphorylation. which agents inhibits the ATP synthase? |
Aurovertin (inhibits F1) Oligomycin, Venturicidin (inhibits F0) DCCD (Blocks proton flow through F0) |
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Agents that interfere with oxidative phosphorylation. which agents uncouples of phosphorylatiob from electron transfer? |
FCCP, DNP (hydrophobic proton carriers) Valinomycin (K^+ ionphore) |
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Products of Glycolysis, Pyruvate dehydrogenation and TCA used to calculate the mol of ATP produced during the cellular respiration. |
NADH = 2,5 ATP, unless its from the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttel, den its 1,5 ATP FADH_2= 1,5 ATP Glycolysis: 2 ATP 2 NADH Pyruvate dehydrogenation: 2 NADH TCA: 2 rounds 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH_2 |
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What is the product of the beta oxidation for one pass? |
1 FADH2 1 NADH + H+ 1 Acetyl-CoA 1 Acyl-CoA which is 2 Carbon shorter |
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shortly explain the 3 steps of activation of fatty acids and transport into the mitochondria. |
1. fatty acid is activated by Acyl-CoA synthetase to produce fatty acyl-CoA esters. (cytosol) 2. fatty acyl-CoA esters undergoes transeterification, which is catalyzed by carnitine acyl-transferase 1 (CPT1) to produce fatty acyl-carnitine. (in the outer membrane) the fatty acyl-carnitine would then diffuse across the intermembrane space and enters the matrix through acyl-carnitine/carnitine cotransporter (in the inner mitochondrial membrane). 3. Carnitine acyl-tranferase 2 regenerates fatty acyl-CoA, by dissociating carnitine from the fatty acid. the fatty acyl-CoA would then be released in the matrix and the carnitin can be reused. |
the carnitine shuttle |
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Mention the enzymes, products and types of reactions of the four basic steps of the beta oxidation |
step 1. dehydrogenation catalyzed by the enzyme Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. the product will be trans- 2 -enoyl-CoA and FADH2. (double bond between beta and alpha Carbon and trans configuration) step 2. Hydration catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase and forms beta-hydroxy acyl-CoA. step 3. Degydrogenation catalyzed by beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and forms beta-ketoacyl-CoA and NADH + H+. step 4. cleavage catalyzed by acyl-CoA acetyltransferase (thiolase) forms acetyl-CoA and Acyl-CoA, which is 2 carbon shorter Important info: The FADH2 and NADH will immediately transfer 2 electrons to the respiratory chain through Electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) and NADH dehydrogenase (complex 1 in ETC) |
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shortly explain the 11 processes in the picture |
1. A low level of blood glucose concentration = release of glucagon. Glucagon (hormone) binds to the receptor in the adipocyte membrane. 2. stimulates adenylyl cyclase via Gprotein and produces cAMP. This activates Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) 3. PKA phosphorylates the Hormone Sensitive lipase (HSL) 4. PKA also phosphorylates perilipin molecules (the purple on the picture) 5. phosphorylation of perilipin causes dissociation of the protein CGI-58 from perilipin. CGI-58 recruits adipose triacylglycerol lipase (ATGL) and AGTL becomes active. 6. Active AGTL converts triacylglycerols to diacylglycerols. 7. the phosphorylated perilipin asssociates with the phosphorylated HSL, where it converts diacylglycerols to monoacylglycerols. 8. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol to fatty acid and glycerol 9. Fatty acids leave the adipocyte and are transported in the blood bound serum albumin. 10. Fatty acids are released from serum albumin and enter a myocyte via a specific fatty acid transporter 11. fatty acids go through the betaoxidation, TCA and oxidative phosphorylation to create ATP, which fuels the muscle contraction and other other energy-requiring metabolism in the myocyte. |
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