Every single movement, even the tiniest one, of our body requires energy. Human body constantly undergoes pathways and chemical reactions to maintain life. All reactions belong to metabolism, featuring catabolic reactions: break down of molecules into simple end products, or anabolic reactions: conversions of small precursor molecules into more complex ones. These pathways also feature Gibb’s free energy(∆G), which refers to the energy available for the reaction. If ∆G is positive, that means the reaction is endergonic and has produced energy. If negative, the reaction is exergonic and consumed energy. During exercise, carbohydrate and fat will be employed for energy producing pathways. However, their rates of actions are not similar, but vary
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First, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate reacts with inorganic phosphate to form 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate, with the help of ezyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This is a endergonic reaction and the change in energy is 6.3 kJ/mol. NAD+ was reduced and NADH was released, which can be converted into ATP later. Next, 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate undergoes subtrate level phosphorylation, using an ADP and the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase, to form 3-phosphoglycerate. ∆G for this reaction is -18.5 kJ/mol. Here, the first 2 ATPs are made (since this reaction is repeated once). After this comes the phosphate transfer reaction, where the phosphate group of 3-phosphoglycerate simply switch between 2 carbons and create 2-phosphoglycerate, with the help of phosphoglycerate mutase. This phosphate transformation is endergonic (∆G = 4.4 kJ/mol). 2-phosoglycerate, a low energy P compound, then undergoes dehydration to form a extremely high energy P compound, Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The enzyme used was enolase, and the change in energy is 1.8 kJ/mol. The next reaction, also the last reaction in glycolysis pathway, is another subtrate level phosphorylation reaction, in which Phosphoenolpyruvate interacts with an ADP molecule to form Pyruvate. ATPs were also created. This action was completed using the enzyme pyruvate kinase. This is an exergonic reaction, with the change in energy of -31.4 kJ/mol. This final phosphorylation concluded the glycolysis pathway of extracting energy from Glucose. The payoff phase yields 4 ATPs in total, and is exergonic in overall. We can summarise this phase with the equation : 2(Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) +2NAD+ +4ADP +2Pi --> 2 pyruvate +2NADH + 4ATP + 2H+ + 2H2O. Payoff phase created 4 ATPs, but since 2ATPs was used for the preparatory phase, the final yield of glycolysis is only 2 ATPs. To sum it up : Glucose + 2NAD+ +
First, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate reacts with inorganic phosphate to form 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate, with the help of ezyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This is a endergonic reaction and the change in energy is 6.3 kJ/mol. NAD+ was reduced and NADH was released, which can be converted into ATP later. Next, 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate undergoes subtrate level phosphorylation, using an ADP and the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase, to form 3-phosphoglycerate. ∆G for this reaction is -18.5 kJ/mol. Here, the first 2 ATPs are made (since this reaction is repeated once). After this comes the phosphate transfer reaction, where the phosphate group of 3-phosphoglycerate simply switch between 2 carbons and create 2-phosphoglycerate, with the help of phosphoglycerate mutase. This phosphate transformation is endergonic (∆G = 4.4 kJ/mol). 2-phosoglycerate, a low energy P compound, then undergoes dehydration to form a extremely high energy P compound, Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The enzyme used was enolase, and the change in energy is 1.8 kJ/mol. The next reaction, also the last reaction in glycolysis pathway, is another subtrate level phosphorylation reaction, in which Phosphoenolpyruvate interacts with an ADP molecule to form Pyruvate. ATPs were also created. This action was completed using the enzyme pyruvate kinase. This is an exergonic reaction, with the change in energy of -31.4 kJ/mol. This final phosphorylation concluded the glycolysis pathway of extracting energy from Glucose. The payoff phase yields 4 ATPs in total, and is exergonic in overall. We can summarise this phase with the equation : 2(Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) +2NAD+ +4ADP +2Pi --> 2 pyruvate +2NADH + 4ATP + 2H+ + 2H2O. Payoff phase created 4 ATPs, but since 2ATPs was used for the preparatory phase, the final yield of glycolysis is only 2 ATPs. To sum it up : Glucose + 2NAD+ +