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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 3 cellular regulatory and growth control pathways that can be disrupted and lead to lung cancer?
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1. activation of protooncogenes
2. inhibition of tumor suppressor genes 3. production of autocrine growth factors |
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Name 4 possible treatments for lung cancer?
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1. surgery
2. chemotherapy 3. radiation 4. multimodal therapy |
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What are the WHO types of lung cancer?
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1. benign
2. dysplasia and carcinoma in situ 3. malignant (small cell carcinoma or non-small cell lung carcinoma) |
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What are the 3 types of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC)?
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1. squamous cell
2. adenocarcinoma 3. large cell |
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What is the most common type of lung cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Describe squamous cell lung cancer.
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Starts centrally then spreads to the bronchial lumen. This leads to obstruction. There is an increased incidence in males. There is a strong dose-response relationship to tobacco exposure.
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What metastatic sites are related to squamous cell carcinoma?
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1. hilar and medistinal lymph nodes
2. liver 3. adrenal glands 4. kidneys 5. bones 6. GI tract |
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Describe adenocarcinoma lung cancer.
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Peripheral presentation is typical but quite variable. It is more common in women. There is NO dose-response relationship to tobacco exposure.
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What are the metastatic sites related to adenocarcinomas and large cell carcinomas?
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1. rapid, sometimes metastases are diagnosed before the primary tumor
2. contralateral lung 3. liver 4. bone 5. adrenal glands 6. kidneys 7. CNS |
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Describe large cell lung cancer.
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Comprised of anaplastic tumors. There is no evidence of differentiation. Accounts for 15% of all lung cancers. They arise in the periphery as large bulky tumors.
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Describe small cell lung carcinomas.
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They account for 20% of all cancers. They are almost always associated with smoking. They usually arise centrally and are rapidly growing. Causes such things as weight loss, Cushing's syndrome, hypercalcemia, SIADH, etc.
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What are the metastatic sites associated with small cell lung carcinomas?
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1. lymph nodes
2. contralateral lung 3. liver 4. adrenal glands and other endocrine organs 5. bone 6. bone marrow 7. CNS |
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What are common local effects of lung cancer at presentation?
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cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain
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What are common metastatic effects of lung cancer at presentation?
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bone pain, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy
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What are the 2 stages of small cell lung cancer?
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1. Limited disease, which is confined to one hemothorax and to the regional lymph nodes
2. Extensive disease which includes all other disease |
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What are the treatment options for small cell lung cancer?
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If left untreated, most patients die within 1 year. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, systemic chemotherapy, and targeted chemotherapy.
-SCLC disseminates early in the disease, which makes surgery less indicated -it is radio sensitive, so radiation with chemo is very useful -combination chemo prolongs survival -most popular regimen is cisplatin or carboplatin with etoposide |
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What are favorable prognostic factors in the treatment of SCLC?
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-early stage in disease
-less than 5% unintentional weight loss -female |
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What are the treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer?
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Surgery is potentially curative. Adjuvant therapy increases survival in early stages. Appropriate regimen is determined by size, location, extent of lymph node spread, presence or absence of metastatic site, and performance status of the patient.
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