The Urinary System

Front 1

Function of Urinary system

Back 1

Produces and excretes urine.

Front 2

Occurs when hydrostatic pressure forces water and small solutes across a membrane

Back 2

Filtration

Front 3

The water and small solutes that are filtered (pushed through the membrane by hydrostatic pressure

Back 3

Filtrate

Front 4

The passage of substances across and epithelial layer into the blood or lymph

Back 4

Absorption

Front 5

Passage of a substance from a cell to extracellular fluid

Back 5

Secretion

Front 6

The condition in which the body's internal environment remains within normal physiological limits

Back 6

Homeostasis

Front 7

The elimination of wastes from the body

Back 7

Excretion

Front 8

The expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder

Back 8

Micturition

Front 9

Nitrogen-containing organic molecules other than proteins, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine

Back 9

Nitrogenous Wastes

Front 10

Any substance not useful to the body

Back 10

Waste

Front 11

what is Hydronephrosis

Back 11

Urine backs up into kidney, increasing hydrostatic pressure, causing kidney damage

Front 12

what is Renal Ptosis

Back 12

Fallen kidney

Front 13

Define: Afferent

Back 13

Towards

Front 14

Define: Efferent

Back 14

Away from

Front 15

Define: Peri

Back 15

Around

Front 16

Back 16

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Front 17

what is the functional unit of the kidney

Back 17

Nephron

Front 18

Function of Nephron

Back 18

Filters blood and forms urine

Front 19

what are the main parts of a Nephron

Back 19

Renal Corpuscle, Renal Tubules

Front 20

what makes up the Renal Corpuscle

Back 20

Glomerulus, Glomerular Capsule

Front 21

what are the Renal Tubules

Back 21

Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Nephron Loop, Distal Convoluted Tubule

Front 22

what does the Juxtaglomerular Complex (JGC) consist of.

Back 22

Granular Cells, Macula densa cells

Front 23

What are Granular Cells

Back 23

Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole

Front 24

Function of Granular Cells

Back 24

Monitor blood pressure, Secrete Renin

Front 25

What is Renin

Back 25

Enzyme involved in blood pressure homeostasis

Front 26

What are Macula densa cells

Back 26

Modified epithelial cells lining the renal tubule that are columnar in shape and densely packed

Front 27

Function of Macula densa cells

Back 27

Monitor filtrate NaCi concentration,

Secrete Vasoconstrictor Chemicals

Front 28

Function of Vasoconstrictor Chemicals

Back 28

Causes constriction of the afferent arteriole

Front 29

What are the three layers of the Filtration Membrane

Back 29

Capillary endothelium, Fused Basement Membrane, Slit diaphragm across filtration slits

Front 30

What are the three processes of urine formation

Back 30

Glomerular, Tubular reabsorption,

Tubular secretion

Front 31

what are the four forces at work across the filtration membrane

Back 31

GBHP(glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure), GBOP(glomerular blood osmotic pressure), FHP(filtrate hydrostatic pressure), FOP(filtrate osmotic pressure)

Front 32

what is the average glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)

Back 32

55mmHg

Front 33

what is the average glomerular blood osmotic pressure (GBOP)

Back 33

30mmHg

Front 34

what is the average Filtrate Hydrostatic Pressure (FHP)

Back 34

15mmHg

Front 35

what is the average Filtrate Osmotic Pressure (FOP)

Back 35

0mmHg

Front 36

what are the forces that promote filtration

Back 36

Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure(GBHP), Filtrate osmotic Pressure (FOP)

Front 37

what are the forces opposing filtration

Back 37

Glomerular Blood Osmotic Pressure(GBOP) , Filtrate Hydrostatic Pressure (FHP)

Front 38

what is Glomerular Filtration Rate

Back 38

The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys

Front 39

Define: Glomerulonephritis

Back 39

Autoimmune condition in which antibodies, produced in response to strep bacterial toxins, attack the filtration membrane

Front 40

how is Glomerular filtration Rate(GFR) regulated

Back 40

Intrinsic Mechanisms, Extrinsic Mechanisms

Front 41

Function of Intrinsic Mechanisms

Back 41

Directly regulate Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR) despite moderate changes in mean arterial blood pressure

Front 42

Function of Extrinsic Mechanisms

Back 42

Indirectly regulate glomerular filtration rate(GFR) by maintaining mean arterial pressure

Front 43

What is GFR

Back 43

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Front 44

How much Glomerular Filtrate is produced each day

Back 44

180 Liters

Front 45

How much urine is excreted every day

Back 45

1-2 Liters

Front 46

How much Filtrate is reabsorbed each day

Back 46

99%

Front 47

Where does most reabsorption occur

Back 47

Proximal Convaluted Tubule (PCT)

Front 48

what is Glucosuria

Back 48

Sugar in urine

Front 49

function of Insolin

Back 49

promotes movement of glucose out of blood and into tissue cells

Front 50

Function of Tubular Secretion

Back 50

Excretes unfiltered drugs, such as penicillin and phenobarbital

Excretes reabsorbed wastes, such as urea

When blood pH is too low, tubular secretion maintains blood acid base balance by moving the excess H+ into the blood to the filtrate to be excreted in the urine

Front 51

what is the fluid exiting the nephrons called?

Back 51

Urine

Front 52

Trace a drop of urine from the Nephron to the external environment

Back 52

Nephron, Collecting Ducts, Papillary ducts, Minor Calyx, Major Calyx, Renal Pelvis, Uriter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

Front 53

List histology of Urinary Bladder from deep to superficial

Back 53

Mucosa, Detrusor Muscle, Adventitia

Front 54

Microscopic folds in Urinary Bladder

Back 54

Rugae

Front 55

what allows distention of the Urinary Bladder

Back 55

Rugae, Transitional Epithelium, Lamina Propria

Front 56

what kind of muscle is the Detrusor Muscle

Back 56

Smooth Muscle

Front 57

What is the Urinary Bladder Adventitia

Back 57

Connective Tissue Layer that connects with the connective tissues of surrounding structures to anchor the bladder

Front 58

Why are females more prone to Bladder Infections than males

Back 58

Because the female Urethra is shorter

Front 59

what are the two hormones that regulate Urine production

Back 59

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH), Aldosterone

Front 60

what vessel directly feeds into the Glomerulus

Back 60

Afferent Arteriole

Front 61

The fluid in the Glomerular Capsule is similar to plasma except that is does not contain a significant amount of ............?

Back 61

Plasma Protein

Front 62

what is the salt level monitoring part of the Nephron

Back 62

Macula Densa

Front 63

True or False. Angiotensin 2 is the substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress

Back 63

False

Front 64

where is filtrate produced in the Nephron

Back 64

Glomerulus

Front 65

what is the function and structural unit of the kidney

Back 65

Nephron

Front 66

Calculate the net filtration pressure if blood pressure in the glomerulus is unusually high, around 68mmHG

Back 66

68-(15+30)=23mmHg

Front 67

Function of Angiotensin2

Back 67

Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

Front 68

chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane

Back 68

Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure(GHP)

Front 69

Direct function of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Back 69

Help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by kidneys

Front 70

What arteries branch off the arcuate arteries?

Back 70

Cortical Radiate (interlobular) Arteries

Front 71

What type of capillaries make up the glomerulus?

Back 71

Fenestrated

Front 72

Which letter represents the most superficial region of the kidney?

Back 72

A

Front 73

True or False. The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

Back 73

False

Front 74

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?

Back 74

Macula densa cells

Front 75

what makes the Glomerulus different from other Capillaries in the body

Back 75

It is drained by an Efferent Arteriole

Front 76

Why is the fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys importat

Back 76

it stabilizes the position of the kidneys

Front 77

What artery lies on the boundary of the Cortex and the medulla of the kidney

Back 77

Arcuate Artery

Front 78

True or False. Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

Back 78

True

Front 79

Which vessel is present in the arterial pathway as blood flows into the kidney but NOT present in the venous pathway exiting the kidney?

Back 79

Segmental

Front 80

True or False. The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

Back 80

False

Front 81

Which vessels supply the cortical tissue of the kidney with blood?

Back 81

Cortical Radiate Arteries

Front 82

Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells

Back 82

Peritubular Capillaries

Front 83

True or False. Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

Back 83

False