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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where would you place new kidneys? |
Place kidney in pelvis (in the iliac fossa next to the iliac artery and vein) -Will be protected in the wing of the ala -Leave in the old kidney and let it fail unless it has bacterial infection |
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Amount of cardiac output that goes through the kidneys |
20-25% of cardiac output |
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Kidney functions |
1. Excretory: production of urine (removal of waste) 2. Endocrine: Renin and erythropoietin production 3. Hydroxylation of vitamin D |
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Parts of the urinary system |
Two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra |
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Which kidney is sitting more inferiorly in the abdominal cavity? |
Right kidney |
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Most infections will be in which part of the urinary system which comes in contact with the external environment? |
Urethra (all will begin in this way) |
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Waste that is excreted by the kidneys |
urea, uric acid |
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Function of the bladder |
Urine storage |
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Kidneys are: (primary retro/secondary retro/intra)peritoneal |
primary retroperitoneal! |
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Type of adipose tissue surrounding the kidneys |
Brown in infants White in adulthood
Function of this fat pad is a shock absorber: won't wobble around and become damaged |
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Fat surrounding kidney |
Perirenal fat or adipose capsule |
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Thin layer of connective tissue encircling the kidneys |
Renal fascia- will be outside of the adipose capsule |
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Inside of the perirenal fat |
Renal capsule, a fibrous layer of connective tissue covering the kidney parenchyma
(If you have a stone, this will hurt very badly because you cannot stretch this layer) |
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Characteristic of the renal cortex |
Has elongated medullary rays |
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Where lobes come together in the kidney |
Major calyx (where m |
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Structures coming off of the lobes |
minor calyx |
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A lobule is composed of... |
Medullary ray, surrounding tubules/glomeruli associated with the ray
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At the base of the lobe, you will find this structure |
papilla (nub) which is the exit point of the urine out of the kidney into the minor calyx |
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How many lobes per kidney? |
8-18 |
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Medullary rays made of |
Tubules running parallel to one another |
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Filtration apparatuses in the liver |
renal corpuscles (glomeruli)
Blood will be filtered through these |
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Terminal duct which will dump into the papilla which then feed into the minor calyx |
duct of Bellini |
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When looking at a cross section of a section of the kidney containing a lobule, how do you differentiate medullary rays? |
Will look like perfect circles
Outside of the ray, the shapes of the tubules will not be as organized or similar |
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Volume of plasma per unit time |
Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)
600 mL/min in a 70kg male
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Proportion of fluid passing from capillaries into tubules |
Filtration fraction (FF) 20% 120 mL/min |
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Quantity of Urine per time |
Urinary flow rate ~1 mL/min |
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Volume of blood delivered to the kidney per unit time |
Renal blood flow (RBF) is about 1500 mL/min in a 70kg male
20-25% of total cardiac output |
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Vasculature organization in the kidneys: arteries |
Renal artery>interlobar arteries>arcuate arteries>interlobular arteries>
afferent arterioles (through filtration and back in efferent arterioles) OR capsular capillaries |
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Venous return inside of the kidney |
Blood will come back to renal vein via the vein that is closet to it
Check out printed slide for further detail. |
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Network of vessels that is the most important for reabsorption of fluid |
Medullary plexus |
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straight vessels of the kidney involved in medullary plexus |
vasa rectae: critically important for the reabsorption of fluid |
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Three different paths for blood once in the medulla |
Interlobular arteries to capsule capillaries then stellate vein
Interlobular arteries then afferent arterioles>glomerular tuft>efferent fibers>venous return
Into network of capillaries called vasa rectae |
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Filtration apparatues |
Renal corpuscle or glomerulus |
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Individual function unit in the kidney |
The nephron |
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How many nephrons do we have per kidney? |
1 million |
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Nephron consists of: |
Glomerulus and uriniferous tubule |
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Parts of the uriniferous tubule |
Bowman's Capsule Proximal Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle Distal Convoluted Tubule Collecting Tubule |
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Renal Corpuscle parts |
Glomerulus and Bowan's Capsule (ball of capillaries) |
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Function of Renal Corpuscle |
-Filtration of blood to form urine -Initially plasma with a few proteins |
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In a SEM of filtration apparatus, you'll see these small foot-like processes around capillaries |
podocytes and their pedicles (resting on basal lamina adjacent to the capillaries) |
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Types of capillaries in Bowman's capsule |
Fenestrated capillary |
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Make up the filtration apparatus of the kidney |
Endothelium Basal Lamina Podocyte Pedicle |
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Cells in the same compartment as the endothelium of the kidney in close relationshop with the basal lamina and endothelium |
Mesangial cells |
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Primary function of mesangial cells |
Phagocytosis, structural support
Clean up the filtration apparatus (like cleaning hair out of a drain) |
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Secondary function of mesangial cells |
Secretion (ILs, PDGF), contraction |
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Parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
Afferent and efferent arterioles, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and macula densa |
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Purpose of the macula densa |
Sensory in nature: - Will sense sodium chloride concentration in distal tubule - Secretes the locally active (paracrine) vasopressor Adenosine - Alters adjacent afferent arteriole tone |
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus feedback loop is also called: |
Tubular glomerular feedback loop |
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Second feedback loop in the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
Renin-angiotensin-alderostone system feedback loop
Renin: systemic blood pressure regulation |
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If you have an decrease in blood pressure, you have a (increase/decrease) in renin. |
INCREASE |
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Function of the proximal convoluted tubule |
Reabsorb amino acids and glucose |
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This has a brush border |
Proximal convoluted tubule (gives a rough looking border on the cellular level) |
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Descending part of Loop of Henle |
is permeable to water: salt is in the medulla and thus pulls water out into the interstitial space
(Counter-current exchange system) |
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Ascending part of Loop of Henle |
This part contains more concentrated substance and is now IMPERMEABLE to water |
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Spotters guide for the thin limb |
Will look like a blood vessel but will NOT have BLOOD! |
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Distal convoluted tubule primary function |
Pump Cl- and Na+ (Aldosterone acts here) Impermeable to water |
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Spotters guide for the Distal Convoluted Tubule |
Packed full of mitochondria Tubular Smooth lumen surface Only found in cortex (thus, golmeruli and proximal tubules nearby) |
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Proximal v Distal Convoluted tubules |
Rough surface: Proximal convoluted tubule Smooth surface: Distal convoluted tubule |
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A number of collecting tubules together would be called |
Medullary ray |
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Flow of collecting tubules and ducts |
Cortical collecting tubule>medullary collecting tubule>collecting ducts (duct of Bellini)>Papilla |
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Histological feature of collecting duct |
-Tubular, larger than proximal/distal tubules -Simple cuboidal epithelium -Distinct cell edges |
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Ureter |
Surrounded by transitional epithelium Smooth muscle |
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Parasympathetic innervation will cause what action? |
Contracts bladder (Parasympathetic's pee) |
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Sympathetic innervation |
At neck prevents urine release (Sympathetic's store) |
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Urine passes from bladder into the... |
Urethra |
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Kidney development |
Early kidney(pronephros): 4th to 5th week Intermediate kidney (mesonephros): 5th to 8th week Metanephros: 8th to 32nd-36th week The Mature Kidney |
