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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which kidney is slightly lower than the other?
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Right kidney is lower than the left
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What is the location of the kidneys in relation to the spinal vertebrae?
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From T12-L3 in the retroperitoneal cavity.
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How much urine is extreted by the kidneys per day
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1-2 L per day
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What is the function of the kidneys?
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Removes wastes and maintains fluid and electrolyte levels
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What hormones do the kidneys excrete?
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Epinephrine and cortical hormones which affect blood pressure.
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The urinary system is composed of ?
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2 kidneys
2 ureters 1 bladder 1 urethra |
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How much do the kidneys move with breathing?
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1/2 -1.5"
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What is the prep for bladder exams?
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Empty bladder, use foot and shoulder boards, use 30-100ml contrast
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How long before kidneys blush?
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At pelvicalceal within 2-8 minutes (nephrogram phase)
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How much time before the major concentration of contrast is in kidneys?
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15-20 minutes.
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Are there more or less calyces than pyramids inthe kidney?
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Less calyces than pyramids in kidneys.
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What is another name for the nephron loop?
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Loop of Henle
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What is the essential microscopic components of the parenchyma of the kidney?
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Nephrons (about 1 million)
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What is another name for the Bowman's capsule?
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Glomerular capsule
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What is micturation?
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urination
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Desire to micturate is felt with how much urine in bladder?
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250 ml
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What is the maximum amount of urine that the adult bladder can hold?
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500ml
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Name of the triangular area between 3 orifices of the bladder?
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Trigone
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Name the 3 parts of the male urethra.
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Prostatic, membranous, spongy.
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Outer portion of the kidney is called?
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Cortex
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Inner portion of the kidney is called?
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Medulla
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Name the portion of the kidney that collects urine and attaches to the proximal ureters.
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Renal pelvis
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What is the name for enlargement of the prostate?
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
(BPH) |
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Another name for a stone is?
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Calculus
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What is a polycistic kidney?
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A massive enlargement of the kidney with cycts
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What is renal hypertension?
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Increased blood pressure to the kidneys
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What is a childhood abdominal neaplasm affecting the kidney?
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Wilm's tumor
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What is a blackflow of urine from bladder to ureters called?
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Vesicoureteral Reflux
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What exam is done to check for vesicoureteral reflux?
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Voiding Cystourogram (VCUG)
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Name 3 body positions that can be done for an AP kidney exam and why each is done.
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Supine- as a scout, common post injection
Upright- opacified kidney, mobility of kidneys Trendelenberg- to view lower ends of ureters (15-20 degrees) |
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For an AP urinary where is the CR centered and how?
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CR perpendicular to the crest
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What breathing technique is used for the urinary system?
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Suspend on expiration
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What kind of contrast (long or short) is necessary for kidney exams?
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Short scale
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What should be visualized on and AP urinary exam?
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Renal outlines, bladder, pubic symphysis.
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Which kidney is parallel to the film on an oblique urinary exam?
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The kidney FARTHEST from the IR is PARALLEL.
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How much should the midcoronal plane be angled for an oblique urinary exam?
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30 degrees
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How is the CR angled and centered for an oblique urinary exam?
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CR perpendicular, 2" lateral to the UP side.
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For the lateral urinary exam which body plane is at the midline of the grid?
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The midcoronal plane should be centered to the midline of the grid.
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What kind of markers are required for urinary system images?
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Time and side markers
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Why is a lateral urinary position done?
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To show rotation or pressure displacement, calcaneous areas and tumor masses.
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Where and how is the CR centered for all urinary system views?
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CR perpendicular at crest except for decubitus views.
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How is the CR angled and to where for the lateral decubitus urinary view?
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CR horizontal and perpendicular to midcoronal @crest
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Name 4 things this exam shows?
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1. Ureteropelvic junction
2. Hydronephrosis 3. Extrarenal mass 4. Abnormal anterior displacement |
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Which arteriole brings blood INTO the kidney?
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Afferent arteriole
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Which arteriole removes blood from kidney?
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Efferent arteriole
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Which part of the kidney is the Loop of Henle located?
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Medulla
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Which part of the kidney contains the Bowman's capsule?
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Cortex
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Where in the kidney can the convoluted tubules be found?
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Cortex
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The wide, upper portion of the renal pelvis lies within the ?
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Hilum
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How many minor calyces are there?
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4-13
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Minor calyces for 2-3 larger tubules called?
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Major calyces
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What serves as a filter for the blood in the kidneys?
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Glomerulus
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In which cavity are the kidneys located?
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Retroperitoneal cavity
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Outer covering of the kidney is called?
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Renal capsule
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Concave medial border of the kidney with a longitudinal slit.
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Hilum
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The ureters convey urine from the renal pelves to the bladder how?
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By peristaltic contractions
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How long are the ureters?
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10-12 inches
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What is the most fixed part of the bladder?
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Neck
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Average length of male urethra? Female?
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Female- 1.5 inches
Male- 7-8 inches |
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Small glandular body surrounding proximal male urethra.
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Prostate gland
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Radiologic investigations of the renal drainage system are called?
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Urography
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Another name for antegrade filling (done with IV fluids)
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IVU or IVP
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In retrograde filling how is contrast put into the patient?
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Via catheter
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Bladder examinations are called?
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Cystography
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Examinations that include bladder and lower ureters are called?
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Cystourography
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Exam including urethra?
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Cystourethrography
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Mild characteristic reactions to contrast include?
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Felling of warmth, flushing, hives
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Severe reactions to contrast include?
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Nausea, vomiting, edema of respiratory membranes. Anaphylactic shock
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Most reactions to contrast media occur within how many minutes?
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5 minutes after administration
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Patient prep for urinary system exams include?
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Low residue diet for 1-2 days, light evening meal, NPO after midnight, (for retrograde)drink 4-5 cups of water several hours before exam.
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Ureteral compression should be placed at what level?
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ASIS
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Why is it important to have patient empty their bladder before the exam?
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To make sure urine does NOT dilute contrast.
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IVU AP projections are taken at how many minute intervals?
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3-20 minute time intervals
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What are IVU 30 degree oblique projections time intervals?
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5-10 minute time intervals
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AP axial bladder has what kind of CR angulation and centering?
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CR 10-15 degrees caudal @ 2" above upper border of pubic symphysis
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Where should the CR be centered and what angle is used for oblique bladder views?
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CR perpendicular 2" above upper border pub. symph. and 2" medial to ASIS.
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For voiding studies where should CR be for oblique bladder?
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At level of pubic symphysis.
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On the lateral bladder where should the CR be centered and at what angle?
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CR perpendicular to 2" above upper border of pub. symph. @ midcoronal plane
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In a male cystourethrography how many degree is the body rotated?
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35-40 degrees
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In an Oblique bladder how many degrees is the body rotated?
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40-60 degrees
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What is centered to the IR for an oblique male cystourethrography?
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Elevated pubis is centered to midline of grid.
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Which two bloodwork exams should be checked before performing contrast venipuncture exams?
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BUN (10-20 normal) and creatinine (.05-1.2 normal)
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What is the site prep for venipunture?
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Rub alcohol swab in circular motion from center of site to 2" distal. Prefer 1-2% iodine tincture, but for those allergic can use isopropyl alcohol.
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Name 2 techniques for venipuncture?
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Direct and Indirect
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Name the 5 rights of medication
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1. patient
2. medication 3. route 4. amount 5. time |
