The Skeletal System

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The skeletal system

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Consist of 206 bones

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The skeletal system

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Consist of bones, cartilage, joints,ligaments

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The skeletal system functions

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Bones of the lower extremities support the weight of the body.

Support and protect the soft body organs.

Enables the body to move about

Store a number of minerals, calcium and phosphorus are most important

Red bone marrow produces blood cells

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Classification of bones

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Long, Short,Flat-thin, flat, curved, irregular Bones

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Flat Bones

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Forms the ribs, breastbone and skull

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Short Bones

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Are Shaped last like cubes and are found primarily in the wrist and ankles.

Carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

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Long Bones

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Longer than they are wide, found in the arms and legs

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Irregular Bones

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Differently shaped , not classified as long, short or flat. Include hip bones, vertebrae, and various bones in the skull

Include the: ischium, pubis, ilium

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Osseous Tissue

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Another word for bone

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Osteocytes-Bone Cells

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Secrete an intercellular matrix

Contains calcium., minerals and protein fibers

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Types of Bone

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Compact bone

Dense hard bone

Found in shafts of long bones and outter surfaces of other bones

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Spongy Bone (cancellous bone)

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Found at the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones. Less Dense

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Minerals

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Make bone tissue hard and strong

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Protein Fibers

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Provides Elasticity

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Trabeculae

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Bone tissue arranged in plates

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Spongy Bone

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Located in short, flat and irregular bones. Also Found at the ends of long bones.

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Diapyhsis (long bone)

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Long shaft of bone, composed primarily of compact bone, therefore it provides strength

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Epiphysis (long bone)

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Enlarged ends of the long bone. Articulates or meets with the second bone at a joint. Consists of a thin layer of compact bone overlying spongy bone. Are covered with cartilage.

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Epiphyseal disc (long bone)

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Band of hyaline cartilage located at each end, between the epiphysis and the diaphysis in a growing bone. This band of cartilage is the epiphyseal disk or growth plate.

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Medullary cavity (long bone)

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How low center of the diaphysis. The inside is lined with connective tissue called the endosteum

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Periosteum (long bone)

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Tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis. Injury to this can be fatal. Anchored firmly to the outside of bone on all surfaces except articular cartilage. Protects bone, serves as a point of attachment for muscle, contains blood vessels that nourish underlying bone. Injury to the periosteum may have serious consequences to the health of the bone since this structure carries the blood supply.

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Articular Cartilage

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Found on the outer surface of the epiphysis, form a smooth shiny surface that decreases function within a joint.

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Ossification of Long Bones

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The form of a bone. Occurs differently in flat in long bones. And the fetus, flat bones in the skull consist of thin connective tissue membrane. Ossification begins when the osteoblast (bone forming cells) migrate to the region of the flat bones. The osteoblasts secrete calcium in other minerals into the spaces between the membranes thereby forming bone. This process involve the replacement of thin membrane with bone. Ossification of long bones occurrs as bone tissue replaces cartilage. The fetal skeleton is composed largely of cartilage. As the baby matures, osteoblast invade the cartilage and gradually replace it with bone until all. BUT the articular cartilage and the epiphyseal disc have been replaced by bone. Isolated pieces of cartilage such as the bridge of the nose and parts of the ribs remain.

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Growing bones

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Longitudinally prefer mines the height of an individual.

Thicker and wider-to support the weight of the adult.

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Giantism

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Hypersecretion secretion of growth hormone

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Dwarfism

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Undersecretion of growth hormone

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Osteoclasts

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Bone destroying cells

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Bone resorption (not reabsorption)

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Process where osteoclast break down bone matrix. Whitens the bone move calcium from the bones to the blood. Plays a crucial role in blood calcium levels. Weight bearing - factor that stimulates bone growth. Exercise and weight bearing keep calcium in the bone and increase bone mass. Bedridden and sedentary people tend to lose bone mass causing bones to be easily broken when stressed.

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Condyle

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Large rounded knob that usually articulates with another bone.

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Epicondyle

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An enlargement near or above a condyle

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Head (bone marking)

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An enlarged and rounded end of a bone.

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Facet (bone marking)

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A small flattened surface.

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Crest (bone marking)

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A ridge on a bone.

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Process (bone markings)

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A prominent projection on a bone.

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Spine (bone marking)

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Sharp projection.

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Tubercle (tuberosity) (bone markings)

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A knoblike projection.

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Trochantor (bone marking)

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A large tuberosity found only on the femur.

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Foramen (depression/openings) (bone markings)

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An opening through a bone usually serve as a passageway for nerves, blood vessels, and ligaments.

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Fossa (bone markings)

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A depression or groove.

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Meatus (bone markings)

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A tunnel or tubelike passageway.

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Sinus(s)

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A cavity or hollow space.

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Fractures

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A break in the bone.

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Simple Fracture

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a break in which the overlying skin remains intact. Local tissue damage is minimal.

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Compound Fracture

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A broken bone that also pierce the skin. Ends of the broken bone usually caused extensive tissue damage.

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Incomplete Fracture

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( Greenstick) usually occurs in children the break is incomplete because the child's bone is still made up of some cartilaginous material.

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Usually happens to children

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The two divisions of the Skeletal System

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Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

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The Axial Skeleton

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Includes: bones of the skull

Hyoid bone

Bones of the middle ear

Vertebral column

Bony thorax

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The Appendicular Skeleton

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Includes: Bones of the arms and legs

Bones of the hips

Bones of the shoulder girdles

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The Cranium

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Bony structure that encases and protects the brain. Composed of 8 bones: frontal-1

Parietal-2

Temporal-2

Occipital-1

Sphenoid-1

Ethmoid-1

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Frontal Bone (the cranium)

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Forms the forehead and the upper part of the bony structure surrounding the eyes.

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Parietal bones (2) (the cranium)

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Forms the upper sides of the head and the roof of the cranial cavity.

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Temporal Bones (the cranium)

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Located on both sides of the head close to the ears, commonly called the temples.

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Important Bone Markings (The Cranium)

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1. External auditory meatus opening of the ear.

2. Zygomatic Process- forms part of the cheek bone

3. Styloid Process- Sharp projection used as a point of attachment for some of the muscles associated with the tounge and larynx.

4. Mastoid Process: forms a point of attachment for some of the muscles of the neck.

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Occipital Bone ( the cranium)

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Located at the base of the skull.

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Foramen Magnum (the cranium)

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Large hole in the occipital bone, allows the brainstem to extend downward as the spinal cord.

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Sphenoid Bone (the cranium)

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Also forms part of the orbits surrounding the eyes.

Butterfly bone that firms part of the floor and sides of the cranium. Also forms part of the orbits surrounding the eyes. Sella Turcia-depression in the kidkine of the sphenoid bone, forms the rest for the pituitary gland. (Also called Turks Saddle)

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Ethmoid Bone (the cranium)

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And a irregular shaped bone located between the eye Orbitz, helps the form the bony structure of the nasal cavity.

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Facial Bones (14)

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Mandible: lower jaw bone, carries the lower teeth.

Anterior part of the mandible forms the chin.

Forms the only freely movable joint in the skull.

Tempo to mandibular joint (TMJ)- depression in front of the ear. Tension or stress causes pain.

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Maxilla (facial bones)

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Carries the upper teeth.

An extension of the maxilla is the palantine process, this forms the anterior portion of the hard palate (roof) of the mouth.

These bones also form the nasal cavity and eye orbits.

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Palatine Bones (2) (facial bones)

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Form the posterior part of the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity.

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Zygomatic Bones (facial bones)

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The cheekbones, also forms part of the orbits of the eyes.

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Broken Jaw

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Usually the result of an automobile accident.

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Sutures

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Joining of the bones of the skull together, much like a sipper.

Major Sutures:

Coronal suture

Lambdoidal Suture

Sqamosal Suture

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Periostem

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Site of attachment for tendons

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Osteons (haversian system)

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Found primarily in the diaphysis

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Glenohumeral

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The joint where the scapula and arm bone meet.

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Hyoid bone

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U shaped bone located in the upper neck. Anchors tounge and is associated with swallowing. Often fractured during strangulation.

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Bone Marrow

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Bone structure most concerned with hemopoiesis.

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Kyphosis

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Bone structure referring to an exaggerated thoracic curvature of the spine also called "hunchback"

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The acetabulum

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Receives the head of the femur.

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Myelosuppresion

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Affects bone marrow structure

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Elbow & Humeroulnar

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The olecranation process is most associated with which joint?

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Metacarpophalangeal joint

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A hinge joint.

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Ischial tuberosity

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Part of the coxal bone (hip bone) where you sit?

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Calcaneous

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The heel? Include Tarsals bones

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Obtutator foramen

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Large foramen in the coxal bone?

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Synovial joint.

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Freely movable joint?

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Lamina

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Bone that forms a protective ring around the vertebra

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Spinal Curvatures

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Cervical Curvature

Sacral Curvature

Thoracic Curvature

Lumbar Curvature

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4

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Haversiansystem

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Microscopic unit of compact bone.

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Intercoastal muscle

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Muscles of the ribs that help you inhale?

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Pronation

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Palms facing forward

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Fibula

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The lower end of this bone is called the lateral malleolus

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Sacrum

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5 fused bones of the lower vertebrae

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Vertebral Column

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Aka the back bone

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Vertabra prominens

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Prominent bone of the cervicals

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Axis

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Allows you to rotate your head left and right

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Plantar flexion

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Allows you to bend your foot down like a ballerina

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Axial Skeleton

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Part of the skeleton that piviots

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Scapula

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Shoulder blade

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Atlas

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Allows you to say yes

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Clavicle

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Collarbone