Anatomy Test #2 The Skeletal System

Front 1

Parts of the skeletal system

Back 1

Bones, Joints, Cartilages, Ligaments

Front 2

Functions of bones

Back 2

1. Support the body
2. Protect soft organs
3. Allow movement due to attachments to skeletal muscle
4. Store minerals and fat
5. Blood cell formation

Front 3

How many bones does the adult skeleton have?

Back 3

206

Front 4

Two basic types of bones

Back 4

Compact bone & Spongy bone

Front 5

Characteristics of compact bone

Back 5

Homogeneous

Front 6

Characteristics of spongy bone

Back 6

1. Small needle-like pieces of bone
2. Many open spaces
3. Lighter, but not as strong
4. Open spaces are usually filled with marrow

Front 7

Bone shapes

Back 7

Long, short, flat, irregular

Front 8

Long bone characteristics

Back 8

1. Longer than wide
2. Generally have a shaft with a head
3. Contain mostly compact bone
4. Mainly limbs

Front 9

Short bone characteristics

Back 9

1. Generally cubed shaped
2. Contain mostly spongy bone

Front 10

Flat bone characteristics

Back 10

1. Thin, flat, and usually curved
2. Two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone

Front 11

Irregular bone characteristics

Back 11

1. Irregular shape
2. Do not fit into other bone classification categories

Front 12

Axial skeleton

Back 12

Vertical axis, consists of skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

Front 13

Appendicular skeleton

Back 13

All of the limbs, including scapulae, pelvis, and clivicles

Front 14

Anatomy of a long bone: Diaphysis

Back 14

Shaft of the bone, composed of compact bone

Front 15

Anatomy of a long bone: Epiphysis

Back 15

Ends of bones, composed mostly of spongy bone

Front 16

Anatomy of a long bone: Periosteum

Back 16

Outside covering of the diaphysis, connective tissue that surrounds the bone, composed of fibrous dense connective tissue

Front 17

Anatomy of a long bone: Sharpey's fibers

Back 17

Secure the periosteum to underlying bone

Front 18

Anatomy of a long bone: Arteries

Back 18

Supply bone cells with nutrients

Front 19

Anatomy of a long bone: Articular Cartilage

Back 19

Decreases friction between bones, made of hyaline cartilage, covers the external surface of the epiphyses

Front 20

Anatomy of a long bone: Epiphyseal plate

Back 20

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone

Front 21

Endosteum

Back 21

lines meduallary cavity and spongy bone

Front 22

Anatomy of a long bone: Epiphyseal line

Back 22

Remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones

Front 23

Anatomy of a long bone: Medullary cavity

Back 23

Cavity inside of the shaft of a bone that contains marrow (yellow in adults, red in infants)

Front 24

Microscopic anatomy: Osteon

Back 24

functional unit of bone containing the central canal and matrix rings

Front 25

Microscopic anatomy: Central (haversian) Canal

Back 25

Opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves

Front 26

Microscopic anatomy: Perforating (volkmans) canal

Back 26

Canal perpendicular to the central canal, carries blood vessels and nerves

Front 27

Microscopic anatomy: Lacunae

Back 27

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes), arranged in concentric rings

Front 28

Microscopic anatomy: Lammellae

Back 28

Sites of lacunae, rings of bone matrix around the central canal

Front 29

Microscopic anatomy: Canaliculi

Back 29

Tiny canals that radiate from the central canal to lacunae, gives bone cells their nutrients

Front 30

The skeleton of an embryo is composed of what?

Back 30

hyaline cartilage, during development it is replaced by bone, this is called ossification

Front 31

Where does cartilage remain in the skeleton after development is complete?

Back 31

Bridge of bone, parts of ribs, joints

Front 32

What allows for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood?

Back 32

Epiphyseal plates

Front 33

What is happening when a person grows taller?

Back 33

new cartilage is formed and the old becomes ossified

Front 34

What allows epiphseal plates to grow?

Back 34

the cartilage contains chondrocytes which undergo rapid cell division which are generating new cartilage continuously

Front 35

How does cartilage become ossified?

Back 35

the cartilage is broken down and digested away opening up a medullary cavity, bone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts

Front 36

Osteoblasts

Back 36

Build bone matrix

Front 37

Osteoclasts

Back 37

Break down bone matrix

Front 38

What causes bones to remodel?

Back 38

1. Blood calcium levels
2. Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

Front 39

Appositional growth

Back 39

Growth of bone width

Front 40

Life long bone remodeling

Back 40

1.Appositional growth
2.changes in bone shape
3.change in bone density

Front 41

Resorption

Back 41

dissolving of bone matrix

Front 42

Types of bone cells

Back 42

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

Front 43

What is the main function of osteoclasts?

Back 43

Break down bone matrix and release calcium from bones

Front 44

What signals osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium?

Back 44

Parathyroid hormone

Front 45

Two components of bone matrix

Back 45

Protein and crystals

Front 46

Bone matrix protein in composed of what?

Back 46

collagen and elastin (makes bones flexible)

Front 47

Bone matrix crystals are composed of what?

Back 47

Calcium phosphate crystals (makes bones solid, hard, and load bearing)