The Respiratory System

Front 1

respiratory system

Back 1

includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their smaller branches, and the lungs

Front 2

alveoli

Back 2

terminal air sacs located in the lungs. location for gas exchange with the blood

Front 3

conducting passageways

Back 3

allow air to reach the lungs. They purify, humidify, and warm incoming air

Front 4

nose

Back 4

the only externally visible part of the respiratory system. air enters the nose through external nares/ nostrils

Front 5

nasal cavity

Back 5

interior of the nose that is divided by a midline called the nasal septum

Front 6

nasal septum

Back 6

divides the nasal cavity in half

Front 7

respiratory mucosa

Back 7

rests on a rich network of thin-walled veins that warms the air as it flows past

Front 8

conchae

Back 8

three mucosa-covered projections/lobes that greatly increase the surface area of the mucosa exposed to the air. also increasesthe air turbulence inthe nasal cavity

Front 9

palate

Back 9

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. (hard palate; where palate is supported by bone. soft palate; unsupported posterior part)

Front 10

sinusitis

Back 10

sinus inflammation. occurs when the passageways connecting the sinuses to the nasal cavity are blocked with mucus or infectious matter

Front 11

pharynx

Back 11

muscular passageway about 13 cm long. Commonly called the throat. Serves as a common passageway for food and air. Continuous with the nasal cavity anteriorally via the internal nares

Front 12

internal nares

Back 12

connects the pharynx to the nasal cavity

Front 13

nasopharynx

Back 13

Superior portion where air first enters from the nasal cavity

Front 14

oropharynx

Back 14

air travels through here as well as the laryngopharynx after passing through the nasopharynx

Front 15

laryngopharynx

Back 15

air travels through here as well as the oropharynx after passing through the nasopharynx

Front 16

auditory tubes

Back 16

drain the middle ear. open into the nasopharynx therefore ear infections may follow a sore throat

Front 17

tonsils

Back 17

clusters of lymphatic tissue that are found in the pharynx

Front 18

pharyngeal tonsil

Back 18

called adenoid. located high in nasopharynx. If inflamed and swollen, it obstructs the nasopharynx and forces the person to breathe through the mouth. Air can't be warmed in nose so tonsilitis occurs

Front 19

palatine tonsils

Back 19

in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate

Front 20

lingual tonsils

Back 20

at the base of the tongue

Front 21

larynx

Back 21

voice box. Routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech. Located below the pharynx. Formed by eight rigid hayaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage called the epiglottis

Front 22

thyroid cartilage

Back 22

the largest of the hyaline cartilages which protrudes anteriorly and is known as the Adam's apple

Front 23

epiglottis

Back 23

"Guardian of the airways" Protects the superior opening of the larynx. it forms a lid over the opening of the larynx when we consume food or fluids. it routes food into the esophagus posteriorly

Front 24

cough reflex

Back 24

occurs when anything other than air enters the larynx. Does NOT work when unconscious

Front 25

vocal folds/true vocal cords

Back 25

formed by part of the mucous membrane of the larynx. vibrate with expelled air. Allows us to speak

Front 26

glottis

Back 26

slitlike passageway between the vocal folds

Front 27

trachea

Back 27

windpipe. Respiratory tube extending from the larynx to bronchi. lined with ciliated mucosa

Front 28

cilia

Back 28

beat continuously and in a direction opposite to that of the incoming air. Propel mucusm loaded with dust particles and other debris away from the lungs to the throat where it can be swallowed or spit out. Inhibited by smoking.

Front 29

primary bronchi

Back 29

formed by the division of the trachea. Each plunges into the medial depressions of the lungs. rifght primary is wider, shorther, and straighter than left.

Front 30

lungs

Back 30

occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the most central area

Front 31

mediastinum

Back 31

most central area of the thoracic cavity. houses the heart, great blood vessels, bronchi, esophagus etc.

Front 32

apex

Back 32

the narrow superior portion of each lung. located just deep to the clavical

Front 33

base

Back 33

the broad lung area resting on the diaphragm

Front 34

pulmonary/visceral pleura

Back 34

A visceral serosa that covers the surface of each lung

Front 35

parietal pleura

Back 35

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Front 36

respiratory zone

Back 36

includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. Only site of gas exchange

Front 37

conducting zone structures

Back 37

serve as conduits to and from the respiratory zone

Front 38

respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier)

Back 38

constructed by the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes. Gas flowing past one side and blood flowing past on the other side

Front 39

pulmonary ventilation

Back 39

air must move into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the air sacs of the lungs are continuously changed and refreshed

Front 40

external respiration

Back 40

gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli must take place

Front 41

respiratory gas transport

Back 41

oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the bloodstream

Front 42

internal respiration

Back 42

at systemic capillaries, gas exchanges must be made between the blood and tissue cells

Front 43

inspiration

Back 43

when air is flowing into the lungs

Front 44

expiration

Back 44

when air is leaving the lungs

Front 45

diaphragm

Back 45

inspiratory muscle. As it contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out

Front 46

nonrespiratory air movements

Back 46

a result of reflex activity but some produced voluntarily. Ex. cough, sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccups, yawn

Front 47

(IRV) inspiratory reserve volume

Back 47

the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

Front 48

(ERV) Expiratory reserve volume

Back 48

the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration

Front 49

residual volume

Back 49

cannot be voluntarily expelled. Allows gas exchange to go on continuously even between breaths and helps to keep the alveoli open

Front 50

vital capacity

Back 50

total amount of exchangeable air that is typically around 4800 ml in healthy young males

Front 51

dead space volume

Back 51

air that enters the respiratory tract and remains in the conducting zone passageways and never reaches the alveoli

Front 52

external respiration

Back 52

actual exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood

Front 53

internal respiration

Back 53

the gas exchange process that occurs between the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells

Front 54

bicarbonate ion

Back 54

plays important role in the blood buffer system

Front 55

hypoxia

Back 55

inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues