The Norton Anthology World Literature: Volume D

Front 1

Moliere: Personal Beliefs

Back 1

Enlightenment thinking

Women as equals

Didn't advocate in following social norms

Front 2

Moliere: Tartuffe
Genre

Back 2

Comedy

Drama

Neoclassical (emphasizes order, know your place)

Front 3

Moliere: Tartuffe
Genre: Comedy

Back 3

Fool, happy ending, comic asides (talking to the audience like in The Office), word play, overheard conversation.

Front 4

Moliere: Tartuffe
Writing Style/Language

Back 4

RHYMING COUPLETS

Front 5

Moliere: Personal Facts

Back 5

Born in Paris, actor, friends with Louis XIV

Front 6

Moliere: Tartuffe
Plot

Back 6

Orgon wants his daughter Mariane to marry Tartuffe

Tartuffe proclaims his love to Elmire (Orgon's wife) Damis hears this and tries to tell Orgon but believes son is lying because he really likes Tartuffe

Orgon wants to make Tartuffe his heir

Elmire tells Orgon to hide under the table so he can see Tartuffe is really bad

Tartuffe shows Orgon the house already his (sucks to suck)

King imprisons Tartuffe and everything is restored to normal in the family

Front 7

Moliere: Tartuffe
Character: Cleante

Back 7

Mouthpiece of the author, voice of wisdom, speaks on issue of hypocrisy, brother of Orgon

Front 8

Moliere: Tartuffe
Character: Tartuffe

Back 8

Claims to be a great religious person, but isn't. Convicted of hypocrisy.

Front 9

Moliere: Tartuffe
Character: Dorine

Back 9

Mouthy servant, challenges Orgon constantly. Disapproves of Orgon's wish for Mariane and Tartuffe to marry

Front 10

Moliere: Tartuffe
Themes

Back 10

Listen to reason, don't have blind belief

Hypocrisy

Don't be greedy and lustful

Critique of the church (major church member is a hypocrite)

Front 11

Moliere: Tartuffe
Theme: Disruption

Back 11

Tartuffe disrupts family, disruption of clergy, Orgon disrupts daughter's marriage, starts with disruption, ends in peace

Front 12

de la Cruz: Personal Facts

Back 12

Nun from Mexico (becomes a nun to pursue her intellectual goals, and writes more secular than religious pieces)

"The Tenth Muse", wrote 65 sonnets, over 60 romances and poems.

Everything she encounters makes her think

Feels compelled to study and write

Front 13

de la Cruz: The Poet's Answer to the Most Illustrious Sor Filotea de la Cruz, Poem 92, 145 & 164
Genre

Back 13

Feminism.

Critique never meant to be published, commentary on a sermon (the nature of Christ's love toward humanity) that bishop publishes and writes back to, to which she responds

Front 14

de la Cruz: The Poet's Answer to the Most Illustrious Sor Filotea de la Cruz, Poem 92, 145 & 164
Writing Style/Tone

Back 14

Opinion, her thoughts, not a story.

Bold, yet humble.

Says she is "unsmart" then quotes Thomas Aquinas.

Self-reflective, similar to Montaigne

Front 15

de la Cruz: The Poet's Answer to the Most Illustrious Sor Filotea de la Cruz, Poem 92, 145 & 164
Plot

Back 15

Women deserve intellectual respect/have potential to learn

The desire to learn is innate

References scholarly women

Front 16

de la Cruz: The Poet's Answer to the Most Illustrious Sor Filotea de la Cruz, Poem 92, 145 & 164
Quotes

Back 16

"I can't not think. I've tried to stop it, but I can't. It's innate. It's a gift from God and the last thing you want to do is squelch a gift from God."

Front 17

Voltaire: History

Back 17

Francois Marie Arouet. His work landed him in prison & exile.

Born near Paris

Wrote Oedipus, became a national hero. Wrote tragedies, epics, etc.

Front 18

Voltaire: Candide
Genre

Back 18

Satire, adventure. Narrative, comedy

Front 19

Voltaire: Candide
Genre: Satire

Back 19

Satirizes class hierarchy, human suffering, military discipline, restrictions of freedom

Front 20

Voltaire: Personal Beliefs

Back 20

Didn't like democracy, but mocked corrupt priests & kings.

Thought of God as a watchmaker. "If God didn't exist, it'd be necessary to invent him."

Front 21

Voltaire: Candide
Plot

Back 21

Written in response to Lisbon, Portugal earthquake.

Pangloss is Candide's teacher in Westphalia. Teaches him their world is the best possible of all worlds and everything that happens is for the best. Naive Candide believes it. Falls in love with Cunegonde, the baron's daughter.

Runs into Pangloss years later, who is now a street beggar. Runs into Cunegonde, a prostitute now. Candide saves her and her brother finds out that he wants to marry her, but disapproves because of his social status.

Eldorado is a utopia Candide travels to, perfect with gold and food. Leaves to find his love Cunegonde.

Starts traveling with Martin. Buys Cunegonde & marries her, but she is ugly now. Buy a small farm.

Characters come back alive, no disaster has permanent effects, constant suffering yet optimistic.

Bay exists so Joque can drown, tries to stop it, but Pangloss says no, it was meant to be. The bay was created so Joque could drown in it. Pangloss captured and convicted of murder.

Front 22

Voltaire: Candide
Eldorado

Back 22

Candide's Utopia.
No crime, corruption or poverty.
Leaves it to find his love Cunegonde.

Front 23

Voltaire: Candide
Themes

Back 23

Optimism despite circumstances (source of hope)
"Saying things are well when one is in hell."

Effect-->cause
Everything happens for a reason and is for the best

Ability to change social status
Resurrection
Mockery of the church

Front 24

Voltaire: Candide
Character: Martin

Back 24

Martin states humans are inherently evil, he is a pessimist.

Pangloss vs. Martin.

Front 25

Voltaire: Candide
Character: Old Woman

Back 25

Cunegonde's slave, guide to Candide

Front 26

Xueqin: The Story of the Stone
Genre

Back 26

Love story, "Greatest Chinese novel"

Represent's China's cultural identity

*Also known as the Dream of the Red Chamber

Front 27

Xueqin: The Story of the Stone
Writing Style/Language

Back 27

Vernacular (informal speech of the people)

Extremely descriptive.

Written by Xueqin, and also by another author who went by "Red Inkstone"

Very long, takes up 5 volumes.

Front 28

Xueqin: The Story of the Stone
Background Culture

Back 28

Patriarchal society (stern father)

Confucianism: public culture
Daoism: honored minority culture

Economic standing: wealthy (sexual rules don't apply to the wealthy, to them, nothing is forbidden)

Political standing: connected to the royals (status can get them out of trouble)

Front 29

Xueqin: The Story of the Stone
Plot

Back 29

Buddhist and Daoist monks find the stone and let it experience physical life. Over 400 characters in the story.

Love story between Baoyu and Daiyu. Baoyu waters a white pearl flower and it comes to life as Daiyu, Baoyu's cousin.

They cannot communicate well, just gestures and

Front 30

Xueqin: The Story of the Stone
Character: Baoyu (stone)

Back 30

Reincarnated from a stone to be the heir of the Jia family. Meaning "Precious Jade"

Born with a jade in his mouth. Sensitive, loves poetry and art. Very feminine, hangs out in the feminine garden. Stern father (Jia Zheng) who wants him to focus on his studies. His grandma supports him.

Jia = false, Zheng = real. Fantasy vs. reality. His grandma Jia (false) dies. Reality wins.

Gets tricked into marrying Baochai. Dies and the stone is whisked from his human incarnation and ascends into heaven.

Front 31

Xueqin: The Story of the Stone
Themes

Back 31

Fantasy vs. Reality.
The Land of Illusion
"Truth becomes fiction when the fiction's true, real becomes not real when the unreal's real."

Mysticism is believed (knowledge of spiritual truth can be gained by praying or thinking deeply).

Gendered space: the garden is feminine.
Says "Girls are made of water, boys are made of mud."

Front 32

Xueqin: The Story of the Stone
Character: Daiyu (flower)

Back 32

Meaning "Black Jade". Owes Baoyu the "debt of tears" for bringing him to life.

High class, humble, thin, frail, studious/educated but has to downplay it in front of men, becomes sick & too thin, she dies and vanishes.

Front 33

Xueqin: The Story of the Stone
Important Terms

Back 33

Passions = emptying one's life

Daoist path = purging of emotion

Front 34

Xueqin: The Story of the Stone
The Garden

Back 34

A feminist space

A world of peace and love

Front 35

Swift: Gulliver's Travels
Genre

Back 35

Satire

Satirizing: politics, religion, western culture & humanity in general

Front 36

Swift: Gulliver's Travels
Plot

Back 36

Naive narrator: Gulliver. Goes on many voyages:

Lilliput: Little people
Brobdingnag: Giant people
Island of Laputa: Impractical people
Island of Houyhnhnms/Yahoos: Noble horses & untamable beasts

Front 37

Swift: Gulliver's Travels
Houyhnhnms & Yahoos

Back 37

The land: No lying or wealth, try to avoid war but will engage if necessary, peace, liberty & unity. Gullivers wants to stay here forever

Houyhnhnms: Noble, rational, clean, peaceful. Friendship, desire to do good, governed by reason

Endowed by nature with a general disposition to all virtues & have no conceptions of ideas of what is evil in a rational creature --> cultivate reason

Yahoos: violent, greedy, irrational

Hired as soldiers to kill

Front 38

Swift: Gulliver's Travels
Themes

Back 38

Freedom = stupidity & chaos, order & reason is better

Front 39

Swift: Background

Back 39

Was a priest in the Protestant church

Raised in Ireland, worked in English politics

Swift's lover is Stella

Front 40

Swift: A Modest Proposal
Genre/Setting

Back 40

Satire

Setting: Ireland

Front 41

Swift: A Modest Proposal
Plot

Back 41

Problems faced: poverty, crime, overpopulation, hunger

Proposal: Eat babies

Front 42

Swift: A Modest Proposal
Proposal Reasoning

Back 42

Cures hunger
Helps overpopulation
Can sell babies for money
More money = less poverty & less crime
Homegrown product

Front 43

Swift: A Modest Proposal
Proposal Problem

Back 43

Cannibalism
Dignity of humanity says this is wrong
Value life
Babies don't have a choice

Front 44

Swift: Gulliver's Travels vs. A Modest Proposal

Back 44

Gulliver's Travels: Story-like with descriptions and people of different lands

A Modest Proposal: Ireland, confronts issues and provides solutions

Front 45

Pope: Background

Back 45

Born to Roman Catholic parents in England
Catholics restricted his freedom for education, etc.

Grew up short with a hunchback
Translated the Iliad and the Odyssey
Wrote on ancient vs. modern writers

Friends with Swift
Became famous

Involved with paper money, stocks

Front 46

Pope: The Rape of the Lock
Genre/Setting?style

Back 46

MOCK EPIC, RHYMING COUPLETS.

Used ancient Roman & Greek literature style

Written in response to a real event when Lord Petre cut a lock of beautiful Arabella Femor's hair

Front 47

Pope: The Rape of the Lock
Plot

Back 47

SIMILAR TO PARISIDE LOST

Satirizes a minor incident of getting a lock of hair cut off unwillingly to the epic world of the gods

Bellinda gets her hair cut by the baron (Lord Petre)
"Now joins it, to divide."

Clarissa gives the scissors to the baron

It was by fate the lock of hair was cut

4 elements inhabited by spirits: Sylphs (the best creatures imaginable), gnomes (evil), nymphs & salamanders

Front 48

Pope: The Rape of the Lock
Themes

Back 48

Beauty doesn't last forever, it's what's on the inside that counts

Moral qualities will outlast vanities

Femininity vs. masculinity, private vs. public, sacred vs. secular

Spiritual love is greater than human love

Front 49

Pope: An Essay on Man
Genre/Style

Back 49

RHYMING COUPLETS
Philosophical argument in poetic form

Highly structured

Front 50

Pope: An Essay on Man
Plot

Back 50

Explores humanity in relation to the universe, to society, to happiness. What is man's place in the universe?

God's will and human limits
God creates the world that is the best
Submit to God's will
"Whatever is, is right."

Reason is good in the right context, but remember your place as a human, you can't know everything because you are not God

Don't call God unjust because you don't know what he has planned

Front 51

Pope: An Essay of Man vs. Rape of the Lock

Back 51

An Essay on Man: poetic, in his own voice

Rape of the Lock: characters speaking & descriptions

Front 52

The Enlightenment (late 17th century)

Back 52

Writing from actual experience/events. Writing about society

People who dare to think for themselves. Use of education (critical thinking!!!, freedom!!!) and reason

Women are equal

God is seen as a watchmaker, who oversees but isn't very involved

Front 53

Types of Satire

Back 53

1. Juvenalian: brutal, deals with serious evils & injustice (ex: Gulliver's Travels)

2. Horatian: Gentle & light-hearted, takes on vanity & pomposity (ex: The Rape of the Lock)