Animal Anatomy & Physiology: The Nervous System

Front 1

Which bodily system monitors the animals internal and external environments and directs activites to maintain the well being of the body

Back 1

the nervous system

Front 2

what are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Back 2

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Front 3

what is the central nervous system composed of?

Back 3

the brain and spinal cord

Front 4

what is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

Back 4

conists of cord like nerves that link the central nervous system with the rest of the body

Front 5

Functionally, what are the three categories that the nervous system's activities fall under?

Back 5

sensory functions, integrating function, and motor muscle functions

Front 6

what is the importance of the sensory function?

Back 6

the nervous system senses change from within the body of from outside the body and conveys this information to the spinal cord and brain

Front 7

what is the importance of the integrating function?

Back 7

in the brain and spinal cord, the sensory information is recieved, analyzed, stored, and integrated to produce a response

Front 8

what is the importance of the motor response?

Back 8

A motor response instructs the body to do something, such as contract a muscle or cause a gland to secrete its products

Front 9

What term refers to the nervous system?

Back 9

neuro

Front 10

Which term refers to the branch of science that studies the nervous system

Back 10

neurology

Front 11

what is the basic, functional unit of the nervous system?

Back 11

neurons (nerve cells)

Front 12

what gas do neurons have a very high requirement of, in fact they cant live without it for more than a few minutes?

Back 12

oxygen

Front 13

what is one thing that neurons are unable to do?

Back 13

reproduce

Front 14

which cells support neurons and act as glue?

Back 14

glial cells

Front 15

The structure of a neuron can be divided into three parts, what are the parts?

Back 15

cell body, dendrites, and axons

Front 16

what part of the neurons recieves stimuli, or impulses, from other neurons and conduct this stimulation to the cell body?

Back 16

dendrites

Front 17

Describe the physical structure of dendrites.

Back 17

they tend to be short, numerous, multi-branched projections extending from the cell body

Front 18

What part of the neuron body conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or an effector cell?

Back 18

axons

Front 19

What type of cell does something when stimulated, such as muscle or a gland?

Back 19

effector cell

Front 20

describe the structure of the axon

Back 20

a single process that can be very long

Front 21

what is the fatty substance that axons are covered in?

Back 21

myelin

Front 22

what color does myelin grossly look like?

Back 22

white

Front 23

what type of matter does nervous tisse containing many myelinated axons referred to as?

Back 23

white matter

Front 24

what type of matter do nervous tissues that are made up largely of neuron cell bodies and appear darker?

Back 24

gray matter

Front 25

what sheath called that is the cell membranes of specialized cells called oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord, and schwann cells in the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord?

Back 25

myelin sheath

Front 26

What are the small gaps called in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells?

Back 26

nodes of Ranvier

Front 27

What is the importance of the myelin sheath and nodes of ranvier working together?

Back 27

they enhance the speed of the conduction of the nerve impulses along the axon

Front 28

what kind of nerves conduct nerve impulses toward the CNS?

Back 28

afferent nerves

Front 29

what kind of nerves conduct nerve impulses away from the CNS?

Back 29

efferent nerves

Front 30

What part of the nervous system is in control of the conscious, or voluntary control of skeletal muscles?

Back 30

Somatic nervous system

Front 31

What part of the nervous system controls automatic functions, like digesting food?

Back 31

the autonomic nervous system

Front 32

What concepts are crucial to understanding how drugs like local anesthetics can prevent nerves from firing?

Back 32

depolarization and repolarization

Front 33

in what state is a neuron in when it is not being stimulated?

Back 33

a resting state

Front 34

what analogy can be used to describe the cell membranes of neurons that are electrically polarized at rest?

Back 34

tiny, charged batteries

Front 35

What specialized molecule is located in the neuron's cell membrane that pumps sodium ions (NA+) from the inside of the neurin to the outside?

Back 35

the sodium potassium pump

Front 36

By keeping the sodium on one side of the membrane (outside) and the potassium on the other (inside), the cellular membrane is said to be?

Back 36

polarized

Front 37

What does the sodium-potassium pump cause when the cellular membrane is polarized?

Back 37

causes a higher concentration of sodium (Na+) to accumulate outside the cell and a higher concentration of potassium (K+) on the inside of the cell.

Front 38

What is it called when there is an eletrical difference in charges across the membrane?

Back 38

the resting membrane potential

Front 39

what is refers to the opening of sodium channels and the sudden influx of many sodium ions into the cell?

Back 39

depolarization

Front 40

Describe what happens when a cellular membrane becomes depolarized.

Back 40

When an impulse is recieved by a neuron it opens up channels that cause the sodium and potassium to flip sides of the membrane.

Front 41

What is referred to as the significant change in eletrical charge from negitive to positive in the cellular membrane?

Back 41

action potential

Front 42

whatis it called when the sodium channels shut and the potassium channels open allowing potassium to come back in. The cell returns back to its original state.

Back 42

repolarization

Front 43

True or false: not every depolarization stimulus results in the complete depolarization-repolarization cycle.

Back 43

true

Front 44

What happens when the cell has reached its threshold or when the stimulus is strong enoough to cause complete depolarization?

Back 44

the cell "fires" or depolarizes

Front 45

What is the phenomenon called, if the stimulus was sufficient to achieve threshold, and the action potential was generated and conducted in a uniform strength along the entire neuron?

Back 45

All or nothing phenomenon

Front 46

what kind of neurotransmitter tends to disallow the nerve impulse to be carried on?

Back 46

inhibitory neurotransmitters

Front 47

what is the name of the most common studied neurotransmitter?

Back 47

acetylcholine

Front 48

True or false: if a second threshold stimulus arrives at the dendrites or on the neuron cell body while the sodium channels are open or while the potassium molecules are moving rapidly through their open channels, the stimulus would be incapable of causing a second depolarization.

Back 48

true

Front 49

what it is called when the neuron is insenstitive to new stimuli because it currently in a depolarized state?

Back 49

refractory period

Front 50

What must two adjacent neurons do to stimulate the next neuron or cell because they do not physically touch? What is it called?

Back 50

the neurons release a chemical, this is called a synaptic transmission

Front 51

what is it called where two neurons or a neuron have a junction?

Back 51

synapse

Front 52

what is synaptic cleft located?

Back 52

the physical gap between the two cells

Front 53

what is the name of the neurotransmitter that brings the impulse to the synapse and releases the chemical to stimulate the next cell?

Back 53

it is called the presynaptic neuron

Front 54

what is the name of the neurotransmitter that contains the receptors that recieves the neurotransmitter?

Back 54

postsynaptic neuron

Front 55

what are the specialized proteins that are on the postsynaptic membrane?

Back 55

receptors

Front 56

True or false: these receptors are very specific about which neurotransmitters they will bind

Back 56

true

Front 57

what are the two classifications that neurotransmitters are divided into?

Back 57

excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters

Front 58

what type of neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic membrane when they combine with their specific receptors?

Back 58

excitatory neurotransmitters

Front 59

what type of neurotransmitter functions to push the postsynaptic membrane to reach threshold and the cell will carry the nerve impulse further?

Back 59

excitatory neurotransmitters

Front 60

what are the three chemicals that are associated with catecholamines?

Back 60

norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine

Front 61

what is one of the contributing chemicals that is associated with the arousal and the fight or flight reaction in the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 61

norepinephrine

Front 62

which chemical is released from the adrenal medulla and therefore plays more of a role as a hormone in the fight or flight reaction?

Back 62

epiniphrine

Front 63

which chemical is found in the brain, where it is involved with autonomic functions and muscle control? Also associated with muscle temors and parkinson's disease

Back 63

dopamine

Front 64

what are two specific neurotransmitters that are inbibitory?

Back 64

Gamma-aminobutyric and glycine

Front 65

where is the neurotransmitter, glycine found?

Back 65

the spine

Front 66

How do some tranquilizers, such as diazepam work in the brain?

Back 66

they increase the GABA effect on the brain, thus inhibiting activity in the brain

Front 67

what is a commonly used antiparasitic drug that causes an increase inhibitory effect?

Back 67

ivermectin

Front 68

severe depression, loss of normal control of voluntary movements, and coma are all signs of what?

Back 68

drugs and poisons

Front 69

how does the body stop the effects of the neurotransmitter?

Back 69

the neurotransmitter is broken down quickly by an enzyme found on the postsynaptic memebrane

Front 70

what are the sections the brain can be divided into?

Back 70

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and the brain stem

Front 71

what part of the brain is in charge of higher learning behaviors like learning, intelligence,and awareness?

Back 71

cerebrum

Front 72

what part of the brainis the largest?

Back 72

cerebrum

Front 73

what makes up the cerebrum?

Back 73

the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, and white matter fibers beneath the cortex,including the corpus callosum.

Front 74

what is the name of the set of fibers that connects the two halves of the cerebral cortex?

Back 74

corpus callosum

Front 75

what is the function of the cerebrum?

Back 75

recieves and interprets sensory information.

Initiates conscious nerve impulses to skeletal muscles.

integrates neurons activity that is normally associated with communication, expression of emotional responses, learning, memory and recall.

Front 76

what is the appearance of the cererbrum?

Back 76

has a wrinkled appearance on the surface with grooves

Front 77

what is the name of the folds in the cerebrum?

Back 77

gyri

Front 78

what is the name of the grooves that are deep on the cererbum?

Back 78

fissures

Front 79

what is the name of the grooves that are shallow on the cerebrum?

Back 79

sulci

Front 80

what is the name of the most prominent groove, which divides the cerebrum into right and left halves?

Back 80

longitudinal fissure

Front 81

sulci divides each hemisphere into what?

Back 81

lobes

Front 82

which part of the brain is located just caudal to the cerebrum and is the second largest component of the brain?

Back 82

cerebellum

Front 83

which of the four parts of the brain allows the body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes?

Back 83

cerebellum