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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two semi independent parts of the lymphatic system |
Lymphatic vessels Lymphoid tissues and organs |
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What are the functions of the lymphatic system |
Transports escaped fluids back to the blood Plays role in body defense and resistance to disease |
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What is lymph |
Excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic vessels |
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Lymphatic vessels are a ___way system ___the heart |
One Toward |
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Do lymphatic vessels have s pump? |
No |
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How does lymph move toward the heart |
Milking action of skeletal muscle Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls |
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What forms the flap like mini valves of the lymph capillaries |
Overlapping capillary walls |
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Exes fluid from the body leaks into the____ |
Lymph capillaries |
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Capillaries are anchored to ____ by ____ |
Connective tissue Filaments |
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What causes lymph capillary valves to close |
Higher pressure on the inside of the capillaries |
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In the lymph capillaries how does lymph move through |
It is forced |
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What collects lymph from the lymph capillaries |
Lymphatic collecting vessels |
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What carries blood to and away from the lymph nodes |
Lymphatic collecting vessels |
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____ returns fluid to circulatory veins near the heart. Name the two ducts |
Lymphatic collecting vessels Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct |
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List some harmful materials that enter lymph vessels |
Bacteria Viruses Cancer cells Cell debris |
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Located on the left side of the abdomen Filters blood Destroy worn out blood cells Forms blood cells in fetus Acts as a blood resivore |
Spleen |
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Located low in the throat overlaying the heart Functions at peak levels only during childhood Produces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes |
Thymus gland |
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Small mosses of lymphoid tissue around the phyarynx Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign materials |
Tonsils |
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What causes tonsillitis |
Tonsils being congested with bacteria |
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Found in the wall of the small intestine Resemble tonsils in structure Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine |
Peyers patch |
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List the 2 types of defense cells in lymph nodes |
Macrophages and lymphocytes |
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What do macrophages do |
Engulf and destroy foreign substances |
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What do lymphocytes do |
Provide immune response to antigens |
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What is the shape and size of most lymph nodes |
Kidney shaped and 1 inch long |
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List the 2 parts of the lymphocyte |
Cortex and medulla |
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Which is the outer part that contains follicles- collections of lymphocytes |
Cortex |
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Inner part; contains phagocytia macrophages |
Medulla |
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• flow of the lymph through nodes -lymph enters the ______ side through _____ lymphatic vessels -lymph flows through a number of ______inside the______ -lymph exits through the ______lymphatic vessels -fewer ______ than ______ vessels cause flow to be ______ |
Convex, afferent Sinuses, node Efferent Efferent, afferent, slowed |
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What are the other organs of the lymphatic system |
Tonsils Thymus Spleen Peyers patches |
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What does Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) include |
Peyers patches Tonsils Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue |
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Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) acts as a _____ to protect____ |
Sintinal Respritory and digestive tracts |
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The body is ______ in contact with bacteria, fungi, and viruses |
constantly |
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Name the two defense systems for foreign materials |
Innate (non specific) defense systems Adaptive (specific) defense system |
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What is immunity |
Specific resistance to disease |
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Innate defense system -mechanisms protect against _____ -responds ______ |
A variety of invaders Immediately |
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Adaptive defense system -special defense is required for _____ |
Each type of invader |
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Innate body defenses are mechanical barriers to pathogens such as ______, ______, and _______ |
Body surface coverings Specialized human cells Chemicals produced by the body |
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What is the first line of defense |
Surface membrane barriers |
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Skin and mucous membranes -______ to foreign materials -also provide _____ -_______ inhabits bacterial growth -______ is toxic to bacteria -______ secretions are very acidic |
Physical barrier Protective secretions The ph of the skin is acidic to Subum Vaginal |
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Stomach mucosa -secretes _____ -has ________ |
Hydrochloric acid Protein digesting enzymes |
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Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain _______ |
Lysozymes an enzyme that destroys bacteria |
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______ traps microorganisms in digestive and respiratory pathways |
Mucus |
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cells and chemicals: second line of defense |
Phagocytes Natural killer cells Inflammatory response Antimicrobial proteins Fever |
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-neutrophils and macrophages -engulf foreign material into a vacuole -enzyme from lysosomes digest |
Phagocytes |
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-can lyse (disintegration or dissolve) and kill cancer cell -can destroy virus infected cells |
Natural killer cell |
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-triggered when body tissues are injured -4 most common indicators Redness Heat Swelling Pain -results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing |
Inflammatory response |
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Functions of inflammatory response -prevent spread of _______ -disposes of cell debris and pathogens through _______ -sets the stage for _______ |
Damaging agents Phagocytosis Repair |
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Phagocytosis -neutrophils move by _____ to clean up damaged tissue and/or pathogens -monocytes become ______ and complete disposal of cell debris |
Diapedis Macrophages |
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cells and chemicals: second line of defense |
Phagocytes Natural killer cells Inflammatory response Antimicrobial proteins Fever |
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-neutrophils and macrophages -engulf foreign material into a vacuole -enzyme from lysosomes digest |
Phagocytes |
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-can lyse (disintegration or dissolve) and kill cancer cell -can destroy virus infected cells |
Natural killer cell |
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-triggered when body tissues are injured -4 most common indicators Redness Heat Swelling Pain -results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing |
Inflammatory response |
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Functions of inflammatory response -prevent spread of _______ -disposes of cell debris and pathogens through _______ -sets the stage for _______ |
Damaging agents Phagocytosis Repair |
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Phagocytosis -neutrophils move by _____ to clean up damaged tissue and/or pathogens -monocytes become ______ and complete disposal of cell debris |
Diapedis Macrophages |
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-Attack microorganisms -hinder reproduction of microorganisms |
Antimicrobial proteins |
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What are most important |
Complement proteins Interferon |
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-A group of at least 20 plasma proteins -activated when they encountered and attach to cells (complement fixation) -damage foreign cell surfaces -release vasodilators and chemotaxis chemicals cause opsonization |
Complement proteins |
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-proteins secreted by virus infected cells -bind to healthy cell surfaces to interfere w/ the ability of viruses to multiply |
Interferon |
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-abnormally high blood temperature -hypothalamus heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens (secreted by white blood cells) -high temperature inhabit the release of iron and zinc from the liver and spleen needed by bacteria -also increases the speed of tissue repair |
Fever |
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Adaptive defense system: third line of defense -______ is the immune systems response to a threat -______is the study of immunity -______ are proteins that protect from pathogens |
Immune response Immunology Antibodies |
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3 aspects of adaptive defense -______: recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances -_____: not restricted to the initial infection site -_______: recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens |
Antigen specific Systemic Memory |
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Types of immunity -_______: antibody mediated immunity •provided by antibodies present in____ -_______: cell mediated immunity •targets _____ |
Humoral immunity Body fluids Cellular immunity Virus infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign grafts |
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________: any substance capable of exciting the the immune system and provoking an immune response |
Antigens (non self) |
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Examples of common antigens |
Foreign proteins (strongest) Nucleic acid Large carbohydrates Some lipids pollen grains Microorganism |
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Self antigens -human cells have many ____ proteins -our immune cells do not attack _____ -our cells in another persons body can trigger an immune response because ____ •restricts ______ |
Surface Our own proteins They are foreign Donors from transplants |
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Small molecules that aren't compleat antigens but they link up with our proteins |
Hapten |
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Macrophages become widely distributed in the ____ |
Lymphoid organs |
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Macrophages secret ___ |
Cytokines |
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Macrophages tend to remain fixed in the _____ |
Lymphoid organs |
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Humoral (antibody mediated) immune response -____with specific receptors bind to a specific ____ -this activates the ___ to undergo ____ -a ____ of clones are produced |
B lymphocytes Antigen Lymphocytes Clonal selection Large # |
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Most B cells become ____ |
Plasma cells |
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Plasma cells produce ___ to destroy ____ and activity last __ days |
Antibodies Antigens 4-5 |
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Some b cells become __ |
Memory cells |
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B cells ___ for primary humoral response and ___ for secondary humoral response |
Undergo clonal selection Become memory cells |
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Secondary humoral response -memory cells are ____ -a second exposure cause____ -the second response is ___ |
Long lived Rapid response Stronger and longer lasting |
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When does active immunity occur |
When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies |
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If the immune system responds to a protein hapten combination the response is ______ |
Harmful rather than protective because it attacks our own cells |
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When can active immunity be acquired |
Naturally during bacterial and viral infections or artificially from vaccines |
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When does passive immunity occur |
When antibodies are obtained from someone else |
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Give two examples of how to acquire passive immunity |
Naturally from a mother to her fetus and artificially from immune serum or gamma globulin |
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In ___ immunity immunological memory does not occur |
Passive |
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_____: antibodies prepared for testing or diagnostic services and are produced from descendants from a single cell line |
Monoclonal antibodies |
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Give examples of monoclonal antibody use |
Diagnosis of pregnancy Treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies |
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Haptens cause _____ |
Allergies |
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Cells of adaptive defense system - ______ respond to specific antigens •___ cells and __ cells |
Lymphocytes B lymphocyte T lymphocyte |
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Cells of the adaptive defense system -_____ help lymphocytes respond to antigens |
Macrophages |
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_____ :cell becomes capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it |
Immunocompetent |
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Where do lymphocytes originate from |
Hemocytoblast in the red bone marrow |
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__ lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the bone marrow |
B |
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__ lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the thymus |
T |
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Where do macrophages arise from |
Monocytes |
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Antibodies (Immunoglobulin of Igs) -soluble proteins secreted by ____ -carried in ___ -capable of binding pacifically to ____ |
B cells or plasma cells Blood plasma An antigen |
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Antibody structure -_ amino acid chains linked by ____ bonds -_ identical amino acid chains are linked to form a ___ chain -the other _ identical amino acid chains form a ___ chain -specific ____ are present |
4 Disulfide 2 Heavy 2 Light Antigen binding sites |
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5 major antibody (immunoglobulin) classes -___: can fix complement -___: found mainly in mucus -___: important to activation of B cells -___: can cross the placental barrier and fix complement -___:involved in allergies |
IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE |
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List 4 ways antibodies inactivate antigens |
Complement fixation Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation |
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Antibodies (Immunoglobulin of Igs) -soluble proteins secreted by ____ -carried in ___ -capable of binding pacifically to ____ |
B cells or plasma cells Blood plasma An antigen |
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Antibody structure -_ amino acid chains linked by ____ bonds -_ identical amino acid chains are linked to form a ___ chain -the other _ identical amino acid chains form a ___ chain -specific ____ are present |
4 Disulfide 2 Heavy 2 Light Antigen binding sites |
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5 major antibody (immunoglobulin) classes -___: can fix complement -___: found mainly in mucus -___: important to activation of B cells -___: can cross the placental barrier and fix complement -___:involved in allergies |
IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE |
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List 4 ways antibodies inactivate antigens |
Complement fixation Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation |
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-Antigens must be presented by ___ to a _____ (antigen presentation) -____ must recognize nonself and self (____) -after binding ____ form as within B cells bud different ____ are produced |
Macrophages Immunocompetent T cell T cells Double recognization Clones Classes of cells |
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T cell clones -________: specialize in killing infected cells and insert a toxic chemical called perforin -________: recruit other cells to fight the invaders and interact directly with B cells -________: release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells and stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity - a few members of each clone are ____ |
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells Helper T cells Regulatory T cells Memory cells |
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Major types of grafts -_____: tissue transplant from one site to another on the same person -_____: tissue grafts from an identical person (twin) -_____: tissue taken from an unrelated person -_____: tissue taken from a different animal species •____ and ____ are ideal •____ are never successful •____ are more successful with a ____ tissue match |
Autografts Isografts Allografts Xenografts Autograft Isograft Xenografts Allograft Closer |
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_______ are abnormal vigorous immune responses |
Allergies |
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Types of allergies -____: triggered by release of histamine from IgE binding to mast cells reactions begin within seconds and may cause anaphylactic shock •anaphylactic shock is a ____ -____: triggered by the release of lymphokine from activated helper T cells symptoms usually appear 1-3 days after contact with an antigen |
Immediate hypersensitivity Dangerous systemic response Delayed hypertension |
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Immunodeficiencies includes _____ |
Aids |
