"the Human Species" - Intro To Biological Anthropology Ch. 4

Front 1

Biological Species Concept
(H)

Back 1

A definition of species that focuses on reproduction capabilities, where organisms from different populations are considered to be in the same species if they naturally interbreed and produce natural offspring.(H)

Hint 1

The oposite of Cladogenesis, in that, this concept suggests that the when species "A" evolves into species "B", the change is instantaneous, because the creature either belongs to one species or the other.

Front 2

Anagenesis
(H)

Back 2

The transformation of a single species over time.
(H)

Hint 2

AKA - Strait-line Evolution

Front 3

Paleospecies
(H)

Back 3

Species identified from fossil remains, based on their physical similarities and differences, relative to other species.
(H)

Hint 3

Used more as labels than as units representing the species concept.

Front 4

Cladogenesis
(H)

Back 4

The formulation of one or more new species (speciation) from another over time.
(H)

Hint 4

AKA - Branching Evolution

-To understand this concept, we usually draw an evolutionary "tree," showing the point at which a new "branch," or species, comes into being.

Front 5

Reproductive Isolation
(H)

Back 5

The genetic isolation of populations that may render them incapable of producing fertile offspring.
(H)

Hint 5

The Mule

Front 6

Speciation

Back 6

The origin of a new species.

Front 7

Adaptive Radiation
(H)

Back 7

The formation of many new species following the availability of new environments or the developement of a new adaptation.
(H)

Hint 7

-When new environments open up, or when new adaptations to a specific environment develop, many new species can form.

Front 8

Gradualism

Back 8

A model of evolutionary change whereby evolutionary changes occur at a slow, steady rate over time.

Front 9

Punctuated Equilibrium
(H)

Back 9

A model of macroevolutionary change in which long periods of little evolutionary change are followed relatively short periods of rapid evolutionary change.
(H)

Hint 9

Eldredge and Gould's hypthesis

Front 10

Orthogenesis
(H)

Back 10

A discredited idea that evolution would continue in a given direction because of some vaguely described "force".
(H)

Hint 10

As an alternative to the theory of "Natural Selection," this idea suggested that evolution would continue in the same direction until either a perfect structure was attained or a species became extinct.

Front 11

Mass Extinction

Back 11

Many species becoming extinct at about the same time.

Front 12

Era(H)

Back 12

Subdivision of a geologic eon.(H)

Hint 12

Eon->Era->Periods

Front 13

Eon(H)

Back 13

The major subdivision of geologic time.(H)

Hint 13

Eon->Era->Periods

Front 14

Precambrian Eon
(H)

Back 14

The First eon from the earth's beginning (4.6 billion years ago) until 545 million years ago. During this eon, single-celled and simple multicelled organisms first evolved.
(H)

Hint 14

Covers almost 90% of Earth's history

Front 15

Period(H)

Back 15

Subdivision of a geologic era.(H)

Hint 15

Eon->Era->Periods

Front 16

Therapsid

Back 16

An early group of mammal-like reptiles during the Paleozoic era; they were the ancestors of later mammals.

Front 17

Paleozoic Era
(H)

Back 17

Geologic era of the Phanerozoic eon, dating roughly between 545 and 245 million years ago, when the first vertibrates appeared.
(H)

Hint 17

-When Therapsids came around.
-Paleozoic-> Mesozoic-> Cenozoic

Front 18

Phanerozoic Eon
(H)

Back 18

The second eon that covers the past 545 million years to now.(H)

Hint 18

Including the eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

Front 19

Mesozoic Era(H)

Back 19

Geologic era of the Phanerozoic eon, dating roughly between 245 and 65 million years ago, when the first mammals and birds appeared.(H)

Hint 19

"Age of Reptiles"
-Paleozoic-> Mesozoic-> Cenozoic

Front 20

Cenozoic Era(H)

Back 20

Geologic era of the Phanerozoic eon, dating roughly to last 65 million years. The first primates appeared during this era.(H)

Hint 20

"Age of Mammals"
-Paleozoic-> Mesozoic-> Cenozoic

Front 21

Carl Sagon (1977)

Back 21

Late Astronomer who used an analogy he called the "Cosmic Calender" to help put dates into perspective. "Imagine the entire history of of the universe, from it's beginning to the present, as taking a single year."

Front 22

Eldredge and Gould (1972)

-Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould
(H)

Back 22

Two scientists that developed the "Punctuated Equilibrium." They argue that stabilizing selection and other factors act to keep a species the same over time, and that the tempo of macro evolution is not gradual; but stable at times and rapid at other times.
(H)

Hint 22

Contrasts the gradualistic model