The Amazing Cell - Chapter 3

Front 1

What is the remarkable basic unit of living things?

Back 1

The Cell.

It can exist alone as a single, free, living plant or animal, or it can combine with other cells to form elaborate complex organisms, such as trees, horses, and people.

Front 2

Materials, such as DNA, that perpetuate the genetic code through the function of reproduction.

Back 2

Genetic material

Front 3

The ability of an organism to differentiate to acquite new characteristics.

Back 3

Specialization

Front 4

Microscopic, fiberlike structures that occupy most of the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) in skeletal muscle cells. Myofibrils are composed of filaments of contractile proteins actin and myosin and are packed together longitudinally in the muscle cells.

Back 4

Myofibrils

Front 5

Mature bone cell. The _______ are located in spaces in the ossified matrix called lacunae.

Back 5

Osteocytes

Front 6

Composed of many cells.

Back 6

Multicellular

Front 7

The viscous fluid found within the cell.

Back 7

Protoplasm

Front 8

Included in the kingdom Monera, these unicellular organisms have no true nucleus, nuclear envelope, or membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria and cyanobacteria are included in this classification.

Back 8

Prokaryotes

Front 9

This classification of cells is found in all living things, such as plants and mammals, except for _______. _______ have a true nucleus that contains chromosomes and has a nuclear envelope. They also have membranebound organelles.

Back 9

Eukaryotes

Front 10

A double-layered membrane made of lipids that surrounds the nucleus and separates the inner nucleoplasm from the outer cytoplasm; also called nuclear membrane.

Back 10

Nuclear Envelope

Front 11

The process of creating immunity within an animal, usually by introducing the body to a killed or modified culture of the infectious agent to allow it to create antibodies; also called vaccination.

Back 11

Immunization

Front 12

A small, protein-based particle that is both infectious and resilient yet not a living pathogen.

Back 12

Prions

Front 13

A contagious and fatal disease caused by prions, occurring in both sheep and goats; the incubation period is around 2 years before symptoms, such as a disabled gait, appear. This eventually leads to prolonged illness resulting in death.

Back 13

Scrapie

Front 14

The unique structures and forms of each individual organ, tissue, cell, or organism as a whole.

Back 14

Morphological

Front 15

The selectively permeable outer membrane of the cell that is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, protein, and cholesterol; also called plasma membrane or plasmalemma.

Back 15

Cell Membrane

Front 16

A phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins.

Back 16

Cell membrane.

Front 17

Fine hairlike structures on surface of cells; composed of nine pairs of microtubules arranged to encircle a central pair.

Back 17

Cilia

Front 18

Important information bank for the cell.

Back 18

Nucleus

Front 19

Double membrane-bound structure with pores; outer membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum.

Back 19

Nuclear envelope

Front 20

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins normally arranged in loose strands condense to form chromosomes during cell division.

Back 20

Chromatin

Front 21

Dense body containing ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein; nucleoli are not membrane bound.

Back 21

Nucleolus

Front 22

Fluid containing dissolved electrolytes, nutrients, and protein.

Back 22

Cytosol

Front 23

Vesicles, vacuoles, and lipid droplets.

Back 23

Inclusions

Front 24

Protein arranged into microtubules and microfilaments.

Back 24

Cytoskeleton

Front 25

Double-membrane bound, internal cristae for expanded surface area.

Back 25

Mitochondria

Front 26

System of collapsed sacs extending throughout cytoplasm; rough ER has ribosomes on outer surface; smooth ER has no ribosomes.

Back 26

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Front 27

RNA in combination with special proteins forms large and small subunits; fixed ribosomes are found on rough ER; free ribosomes are scattered throughout cytoplasm

Back 27

Ribosomes

Front 28

Network of connected flattened tubes or sacs stacked on top of one another.

Back 28

Golgi apparatus

Front 29

Vesicle filled with hydrolytic enzymes; pinches off Golgi apparatus.

Back 29

Lysosome

Front 30

Membrane-bound vesicle containing enzymes; produced by pinching in half.

Back 30

Peroxisomes

Front 31

A powerful microscope that magnifies a sample by using an electron beam for illumination.

Back 31

Electron Microscope

Front 32

A double-layered membrane made phospholipids, such as the cell membrane and nuclear envelope.

Back 32

Lipid Bilayer

Front 33

The constantly changing pattern of proteins and fluid between the two sides of the liquid bilayer.

Back 33

Fluid Mosaic

Front 34

Complex proteins bearing a spherical shape.

Back 34

Globular Proteins

Front 35

The proteins located within the lipid bilayer that create channels that aid in the selective permeability of the cell membrane.

Back 35

Integral Proteins

Front 36

A minute opening or space.

Back 36

Pores

Front 37

Proteins located on the inside of the cell's lipid bilayer that have enzymatic capabilities. These proteins are less mobile than integral proteins because they are attached directly to the cytoskeleton.

Back 37

Peripheral Proteins

Front 38

The strong strands of the fibrous protein keratin that are insoluble in water.

Back 38

Keratin fibers

Front 39

A compound composed of carbohydrate, usually in the form of sugar, and a protein.

Back 39

Glycoprotein

Front 40

A compound composed of a carbohydrate, usually in the form of sugar, and a fatty acid together in a compound.

Back 40

Glycolipid

Front 41

Composed of glycoproteins, the outer covering of the cell that not only aids in cell adhesion but also serves to dentify the cell by other cells.

Back 41

Glycocalyx

Front 42

Glycoproteins that aid not only in the bonding of cells but also in lubricating the movement of one cell past another. They also help to transport specialized cells to areas of need.

Back 42

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

Front 43

The integral proteins and glycoproteins that form binding sites; may aid in contact signaling.

Back 43

Membrane Receptors

Front 44

Cell-to-cell recognition, which is important in immune responses to infection.

Back 44

Contact Signaling

Front 45

Response of the body's cells to regulate the destruction of infectious bacteria and viruses during specific immune responses.

Back 45

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

Front 46

The specific interaction of hormones and neurotransmitters with cell surfaces for the purpose of changing cell activity.

Back 46

Chemical Signaling

Front 47

Small molecules that bond to larger chemical groups or molecules.

Back 47

Ligands

Front 48

A tubular organelle composed of nine triplets of microtubules that aids in the process of cell division. Centrioles split in two and migrate to opposite poles of a dividing cell to organize the spindle fibers, enabling the cell to divide in two.

Back 48

Centrioles

Front 49

Refers to a pair of tubular structures. Each one is composed of nine microtubules surrounding another pair of microtubules. Basal bodies act as the base of cilia and flagella.

Back 49

Basal Bodies

Front 50

Hairlike processes of the luminal surface of cells that assist in the movement of mucus, fluid, and solid material across the cell surface.

Back 50

Cilia

Front 51

The primary means of motility for spermatozoa and unicellular organisms. This threadlike tail propels the organism by means of a whiplike movement.

Back 51

Flagella (Flagellum)

Front 52

The part of the cell's protoplasm that is located outside of the nuclear envelope

Back 52

Cytoplasm

Front 53

One who studies cells.

Back 53

Cytologists

Front 54

The fluid component of protoplasm that acts as its base.

Back 54

Cytosol

Front 55

The internal structure of the cell that maintains the cell's shape and aids in some functions. The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of filaments: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

Back 55

Cytoskeleton