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164 Cards in this Set
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Major Cause of American Revolution and formation of a new nation |
Colonists did not have any form of representation in the British Political system |
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The Virginia House of Burgesses |
1st Colonial assembly of elected representatives from the Virginia settlement ; established in Jamestown and met for 1st time in July 1619 |
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The Mayflower Compact |
Drawn and signed in 1620 by Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower. Gave that political body the power to act for the good of the colony. |
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Indentured Servant System |
Used to bring workers to the New World. They would sell themselves to an agent or ship captain before leaving England. People in debt or criminals would be sold for life. Not applied to Africans. |
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The Enlightenment- The Age of Reason |
Period during the 17th and 18th centuries when people began questioning religious dogmas and emphasizing scientific reasoning and knowledge. |
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During this period people began to think critically about (3 things) |
Rights, Freedoms, and powers of man in relation to political systems |
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The ________ stirred people to action in fighting the tyranny of religious and political oppression. |
Enlightenment |
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Some of the leading thinkers during the Enlightenment Period were |
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Charles Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Francis Bacon |
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England as well as other European Nations established the Mercantilism system to exploit Colonies. The three principles of the system were: |
1. The wealth of the nation is measured in terms of commodities accrued, especially gold and silver. 2. Economic activities can increase the power and control of the national government. 3. The colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country. |
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French and Indian War |
Was the North American portion of the seven years war, emptied the British coffers. Fought between British America and New France. Taxation followed this war. |
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Declaration of Independence |
Officially signed July 4, 1776 Foundation to establish equal rights for all people |
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The Declaration of Independence consisted of what 3 main parts? |
1. stresses natural unalienable rights and liberties that belong to all people from birth 2. list of specific grievances and injustices committed by Britain 3. announces the colonies as the United States of America |
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The American Revolution began in ... |
Massachusetts in the outskirts of the towns of Concord and Lexington |
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The American Revolutionary War |
(1775-1783) Revolt of Great Britain by the thirteen colonies. With the help of the French the American troops defeated the British forces in Yorktown, Virginia in 1781. Treaty of Paris in 1783 officially ended the war and gave independence to new nation |
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Articles of Confederation |
Agreement among 13 founding states that legally established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution |
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The Articles of Confederation went into use in _____ and was ratified by all 13 states in _______. |
1777; 1781 |
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What did the Articles of Confederation do? |
* Gave legitimacy to the Continental Congress to direct American Revolutionary War * Conduct diplomacy with Europe * deal with territorial issues and Indian relations *Established new government with limited power that composed of 13 representatives *Congress couldnt declare war or raise an army |
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The Articles of Confederation served as the official government of the young republic until _____ when the states ratified the Constitution |
1789 |
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Constitutional Convention was held in 1787 in Philadelphia and the leaders were |
George Washington, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton |
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The Constitution was ratified in |
1788 |
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George Washington was selected to be the first President of the US in |
1789 |
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The US Constitution allowed for much stronger? |
National Government, with a president, courts, and taxing powers |
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The Republic defined by the Constitution was composed of |
Three branches, the executive, judicial, and legislative, with a system of checks and balances to regulate each branch. |
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War of 1812 broke out for what reasons? |
* Britain's seizure of American ships * impressment of American sailors into the British Navy * restriction of trade between the US and France |
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1st President to ask Congress to declare war in June 1812 |
James Madison |
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War of 1812 ended with what treaty in what year? |
Treaty of Ghent in 1815 |
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Monroe Doctrine |
1823 with the concept of America for Americans. Did not permit establishment of colonies in Western Hemisphere and banned European countries from attacking the new American republics. US not to be involved in European affairs. |
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Westward Expansion was from _____ to _____ |
1807 to 1912 |
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Between ___ to ____, six new states were admitted to the Union. |
1816 to 1821 |
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What expedition played a prominent role in promoting westward expansion and in mapping the west? |
Lewis and Clark expedition |
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Manifest Destiny |
belief that the US was destined to expand across the country encouraged westward expansiion |
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In 1844, President _________ declared to the world that the US would eventually become a world power and expand to its natural borders |
James K. Polk |
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_________ ________ would ultimate cause huge issues between the US Government and Native Americans, England, Spain, and Mexico |
Manifest Destiny |
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War between Mexico and United States was from _____ to _____ |
1846 to 1848 |
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A major aspect of the conquest of the west was? |
the removal of the Indians who dwelled there |
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Under the leadership of President __________, the Indians who remained East of the Mississippi were cruelly and violently driven from their homes and concentrated in reservations in what is now Oklahoma |
Andrew Jackson |
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When the US admitted Texas to the Union in _____, the Mexican government was outraged and from _____ to _____ was the Mexican war. |
1845; 1846 to 1848 |
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As a result of winning the Mexican war the US gained control of what three states? |
Texas, New Mexico, and California |
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The Oregon territory was annexed in _____. |
1846 |
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The transcontinental railroad was completed in |
1869 |
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By the early twentieth century, the US consisted of how many states |
48 |
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Who created the cotton gin? |
Eli Whitney |
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The _____ brought the first African slaves to ____ in 1619. |
Dutch; Virginia |
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Beginning in _____; the North Began regulating and eventually prohibiting slavery. |
1774 |
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By _____, New York and New Jersey had passed gradual emancipation laws |
1774 |
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American Civil War was brought on because |
* Issues of slavery * economic and ideological differences between regions |
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Emancipation Proclomation |
Issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1862, granting freedom to slaves in the rebellious states. |
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13th Amendment to the constitution |
Officially abolished slavery after the American Civil War |
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14th Amendment |
1866; gave African-Americans full citizenship |
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15th Amendment |
granted voting rights to black men. |
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Three- Fifths Compromise |
Proposed 1787 at Constitutional Convention. Centered on how to count slaves in deciding the # of representatives for the House of Representatives and the amount of taxes to be paid. North and South agreed to count 3/5 of slave population for both taxation and representation purposes. |
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Missouri Compromise |
Agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the US Congress, primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. |
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1st Missouri Compromise |
Allowed Maine to be admitted as a free state to the Union along with Missouri. Prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the Parallel 36' 30' except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. |
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Henry Clay |
known as the greatest compromiser, it was proposed that the Constitution of the US guaranteed the protection and privileges of citizens in states and thus Missouri's state constitution couldnt deny any person these rights. |
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Missouri was admitted into the Union in |
1820 |
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Compromise of 1850 |
crafted by Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas to try to end the continuing struggle between slave and non-slave states. |
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Compromise of 1850 was a series of 5 bills |
1. California was entered as a free state 2. New Mexico and Utah were each allowed using popular sovereignty or the idea that people living in territories or states should decide for themselves if slavery should be permitted. 3. Republic of texas gave up lands that it claimed in present day New Mexico and received $10M to pay its debt to mexico 4. Slave trade was abolished in District of Columbia. 5. The Fugitive slave act made any federal official who did not arrest a runaway slave liable to pay a fine. |
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The Fugitive Slave act |
Bill part of Compromise of 1850; made any federal official who did not arrest a runaway slave liable to pay a fine. Most controversial part of Compromise of 1850 and caused many abolitionists to increase efforts against slavery. |
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Two states that each allowed popular sovereignty; one of the bills of Compromise of 1850 |
New Mexico and Utah |
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Popular Sovereignty |
idea that people living in territories or states should decide for themselves if slavery should be permitted. |
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Kansas- Nebraska Act of 1854 |
created territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands that would help settlement in them, repealed the Missouri compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in the territories to determine via popular sovereignty if they allowed slavery within their boundaries. |
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Who created the Kansas-Nebraska act of 1854 |
Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas |
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The Kansas-Nebraska act created huge controversy because? |
the popular sovereignty provision. Both pro and anti-slavery supporters flooded into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down. |
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John Brown |
Led a group of Northern abolitionists, flocked to Kansas and set up their own government in Lawrence. |
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Pottwatomie Massacre |
an abolitionist gang killed five men in revenge for a band of proslavery men burning Lawrence to the ground in 1856. |
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Dred Scott v. Sandford |
Scott petitioned the Supreme Court for his freedom based on fact he resided in two free states. Supreme court ruled that slaves had no right to sue in either state or federal court. Court Held that federal government had no legal right to interfere with the institution of slavery |
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What led to sectionalism? |
Disagreement over slavery, specifically over the issue of who was guaranteed the inalienable right to be free |
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Primary cause of the Civil War |
growing sectionalism |
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The election of Abraham Lincoln resulted in... |
*Secession of the southern states from the union *Creation of the Confederacy * Start of American Civil War |
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In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln the southern states created... |
the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) and selected Jefferson Davis as President. *11 southern states led first by South Carolina |
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The North had a greater advantage during the civil war because... |
Larger population, financial security, industrial resources, increased means of transportation, and natural resources |
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The major aim of the Confederacy's war efforts was to... |
win independence, protect the institution of slavery, and earn the right to govern themseleves |
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The war efforts of the North during the Civil War.. |
began to protect the sanctity of the union under the leadership of Lincoln; however the abolition of slavery became increasingly more important an issue as the war continued |
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Battle of Gettysburg (fought during the Civil War) |
1863; most disastrous event of the war; more than 50,000 soldiers from the North and South died; November 1863 on battleground Lincoln eulogized fallen Union soldiers in the infamous Gettysburg Address |
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In 1865, after 5 years of fighting, the civil war ended by... |
commander of the Confederate army, General Robert E. Lee surrendering to General Ulysses S. Grant, Commander of the Union Forces. |
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Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) |
Post-Civil War physical reconstruction focused on the South. Emotional reconstruction and the reconstruction of American unity had to be done nationwide, and admission of rebel states back into the Union was not automatically granted. |
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Lincolns Vice President Andrew Johnson was... |
impeached and almost removed from power, surviving the removal vote in the US Senate by one vote. |
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A major obstacle to reunification were the _____ _____ enacted immediately after the Civil War by every southern legislature. |
Black Codes (restrictive laws) |
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Black Codes |
barred the newly freed slaves from free assembly, regulated black labor, and among other restrictions, denied Freedmen the right to vote, serve on juries, and testify against whites. |
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In the Election of 1866, |
Republicans placed the South under military rule, and held new elections in which the Freedmen could vote |
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The black codes were eliminated in |
1867 |
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Congress passed the 14th Amendment of the constitution in _____ and it provided... |
July 9, 1868; universal male suffrage, made the Bill of Rights applicable to the states recognizing all substantive and procedural rights under the law, and provided equal protection under the law to all people in its jurisdiction. |
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In 1870 the last two states to ratify the 14th Amendment and gain reentry into the Union were? |
Texas and Florida |
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Ku Klux Klan |
emerged in Reconstruction Era in 1860-1870; reemerged in 20s, 50s, 60s. During this era they enforced Black Codes; upheld Jim Crow laws enforcing segregation. |
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3 Types of Colonies developed based on three types of charters: |
Corporate colonies, Royal colonies, and proprietary colonies |
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Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire were what type of colonies? |
New England Colonies |
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New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania were what type of colonies? |
Middle Colonies |
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Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia were what type of colonies? |
Southern Colonies |
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The London Company established the first English Colony in? |
Jamestown, Virginia 1607 |
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Who was the leader of Jamestown, Virginia Colony? |
John Smith |
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Puritans founded this colony and wrote the Mayflower Compact |
Massachusetts; 1620; Obtained a patent from London Virginia Company |
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2 Groups founded this Colony; began as a proprietorship but eventually became a royal colony |
New Hampshire 1623 |
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Captain John Mason |
led the first group who established a fishing village in 1623 in New Hampshire Colony |
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John Wheelwright |
founded a second settlement called Exeter in New Hampshire 1638 |
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The Dutch founded this colony in 1623 |
New Jersey |
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In 1702 this colony became and English Colony |
New Jersey |
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This colony was Dutch founded in 1624 and part of New Amsterdam |
New York |
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In 1632 King Charles I granted a Maryland Charter to Lord Baltimore and in 1633 this colony was established as a refuge for freemen, especially Catholics |
Maryland |
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This Colony was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams and in 1638 Anne Hutchinson settled an additional part of colony. |
Rhode Island |
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In 1565, the Spaniards established the first successful European Settlement in North America in... |
St. Augustine, Florida |
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Columbus voyage to the new world was in |
1492 |
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Thomas Hooker established this colony in 1636 who was seeking religious freedom after being expelled from Massachusetts |
Connecticut |
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In 1662, Connecticut obtained a Royal Charter under the leadership of... |
John Winthrop Jr. |
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The Dutch and Swedish originally settled this colony in 1638 but with a decline in Dutch influence in the area the English took control |
Delaware |
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In 1682, Delaware was awarded to.. |
William Penn |
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Virginia colonists began settling in this colony in 1653, but it was officially recognized as a colony in 1691 |
North Carolina |
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This colony was made a safe haven for quakers by William Penn and in 1683 the first group of settlers arrived in this colony and formed Germantown near Philadelphia |
Pennsylvania |
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This colony was founded in 1732 with 2 main purposes: establish a buffer zone from Spanish settlement south of the colony and provide a safe haven for poor people |
Georgia |
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Mayflower Compact 1620 |
written by pilgrims; pledged to consult one another to make decisions and to act by the will of majority. power to act for the good of colony |
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Stamp Act of 1765 |
One of reasons led to American Revolution; British imposed a tax for American Colonists on printed paper. Money collected from this act was cost of defending and preparing troops at American frontier line |
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Townshend Act of 1767 |
imposed duties on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. Americans viewed this as an abuse of power. In 1770 parliament all the Townshend duties except for the taxes on tea. |
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Tea Act of 1773 |
Bill designed to save faltering East India Company from bankruptcy by lowering the tea taxes it paid to the government. lead to the Boston Tea Party |
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Boston Tea Party |
organized by Samuel Adams with 60 anti-british Sons of Liberty. Dressed as mohawk indians and dumped tea chest into the water. |
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French and Indian War |
also known as the seven years war. 1756 to 1763. Between Britain and France with France expanding into the Ohio River Valley. |
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Treaty of Paris 1763 |
More than doubled the British territories in North America and French were no longer a threat. Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal |
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Ratification of the 18th Ammendment |
banned the manufacture, transportation, and sale of intoxicating liquor; started prohibition |
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21st Ammendment |
1933; repeal of the 18th Ammendment and end of prohibition period |
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________ was the first state to pass prohibition law in 1846 |
Maine |
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The first 10 amendments to the Constitution are known as the ... |
Bill of Rights |
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As a result to the American Civil War three additional amendments were ratified |
1. 13th amendment freed all slaves without compensation to slave owners 2. 14th amendment declared all person born in US were citizens excluding Native americans; all were entitled to equal rights and protected by due process 3. 15th amendment granted universal male suffrage thereby granting black men right to vote |
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Jim Crow Laws |
re-enforced a strict racial separation in the South. Kept from voting by poll tax and literacy tests. |
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Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 |
legalized segregation allowing separate but equal facilities for black and white students |
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1909 NAACP |
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
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In 1948 this president ordered the desegregation of the armed forces and introduced civil rights legislation in Congress |
President Truman |
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NAACP headed by _________ ________ secured an important milestone through Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954 |
Thurgood Marshall |
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954 |
outlawed segregation in public school |
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Montgomery Bus Boycott began in 1955 |
began when Rosa Parks citizen of Montgomery Alabama refused to give up her seat as Jim Crow laws required. formed a new organization called Montgomery Improvement Association |
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Who lead the Montgomery Improvement Association and led a boycott of the Montgomery bus company? |
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. |
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Southern Christian Leadership Confrence |
founded by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr; favored nonviolent boycotts and protest marches |
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August 28, 1963 |
Dr. Martin Luther King gave his famous I have a dream speech |
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What president proposed new civil rights laws as well as programs to help the millions of Americans living in poverty? |
President John F. Kennedy |
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Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
prohibited segregation in all public facilities and discrimination in education and employment |
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Chicano Movement |
cultural as well as political movement; embraced four main goals: restoration of land grants, the farm workers' rights, education, and political rights |
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Activist Reies Lopez Tijerina |
initiated the Chicano Movement in New Mexico with the land grand movement. |
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Cesara Chavez and Dolores Huerta |
founded the United Farm Workers Union; fought for better working conditions and fair compensation for agricultural workers |
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Jose Angel Gutierrez and Mario Compean |
founded the Raza Unida Party in 1970 |
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Raza Unida Party (RUP) |
sought to bring greater economic, social, and political autonomy to Mexican American |
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19th Amendment |
guaranteed women the right to vote |
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Spanish- American War of 1898 |
war between Spain and the United States made the US a world power. As a result of the war the US established its power and influence in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. |
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World War I |
1st global war; began in Europe and involved two alliances: the Allies and the Central powers |
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Allies in World War I |
England, France, Russia, and Italy |
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Central Powers in WWI |
Germany, the Austria-Hungary Empire, Turkey, and Bulgaria |
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Which President asked congress to declare war against Germany and the Central Powers |
President Wilson |
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WWI ended in |
1918 with the help of the Americans the Allies won |
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What Treaty officially ended WWI |
Treaty of Versailles; Central powers were severely punished and forced to pay for the war; Austria-Hungary Empire dismembered; punitive conditions created the resentment among the Germans that eventually led to WWII |
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The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia |
1917 communists led by Vladimir Lenin took over government in Russia; as a result Russia underwent a period of governmental reconstruction to incorporate communist philosophy. Russia withdrew from WWI with new government in power |
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The Great Depression |
October 1929 the stock market crashed initiating a 10 year period were millions of people lost their capital and jobs. |
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a series of government sponsored programs that were implemented by this president |
The New Deal; President Franklin D. Roosevelt |
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The New Deal |
designed to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the great depression |
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World War II |
1939; Hitler's invasion on Poland drove Great Britain to declare war on Germany |
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US in WWII |
first two years of the war US was neutral until Japan attacked its naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in 1941 |
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General Dwight D. Eisenhower |
crossed the English Channel into France and launched of the largest offensives ever seen against German forces. Forces of England, Russia, Canada, and US defeated Hitler and the Axis forces |
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Leaders of the Allied Forces in WWII |
Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Franklin D. Roosevelt |
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Yalta Confrence |
Terms of peace divided into four sections, each controlled by an Allied Country- Britain, France, Russia, and US. Germans were to pay Russia for war reparations in money and labor. Poland was divided, and Russians received control of one section. Plans were set to organize the United Nations to prevent future conflicts in the world |
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Who ordered the atomic bomb? |
President Harry Truman |
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The 2 atomic bombs were dropped on? |
Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
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What officially ended WWII? |
2 atomic bombs forced the Japanese government to surrender in 1945 |
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Marshall Plan |
US supported program to rebuild the economic infrastructure in Europe. US provided money and machinery for reconstruction of the continent |
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State of Israel was created in Palestine |
At the end of the war, under the leadership of Great Britain, the US, and United Nations |
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Truman Doctrine |
In response to threat of the Soviets, Harry Truman issued a proclamation warning communist countries that the US will help any nation in danger of falling under communist control. |
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As a result of the Truman Doctrine the US became involved in two major military conflicts: |
the Korean War and Vietnam War |
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The Cold War |
After the take over of Poland and East Berlin, and the building of the Berlin Wall, a new war emerged between the Soviet Union and the US |
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Cuban Missile Crisis |
most intense confrontation of the Cold War |
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Fall of the Soviet Union |
resulted in the reunification of Germany and the creation of multiple smaller countries in Russia that gained independence |
