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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Abiotic Factors |
Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of an organism's habitat |
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Acid/ Acidic Solution |
A substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution
1. Releases acid particles (H+ ions) 2. Tastes sour 3. Reacts with a base to form a neutral solution 4. Corrosive |
pH less than 7 |
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Acid precipitation |
Rain, fog, or snow with a pH lower than 5.2 |
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Acidification |
Human activity such as burning fossil fuels threaten water quality produced mainly from Carbon Dioxide |
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
Made from cellular respiration. It temporarily stores the energy required to fuel life's processes in its chemical bonds |
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
Made from cellular respiration. It temporarily stores the energy required to fuel life's processes in its chemical bonds |
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Autotroph |
Organisms that are able to make their own food. |
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Avogadro's Number |
6.02 * 10^23
Equals one mole |
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Base |
A substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution.
Tastes bitter, corrosive, and slippery pH greater than 7 |
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Biochemistry |
The study of the chemistry of living things |
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Biology |
The scientific study of life |
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Bioremediation |
treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances |
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Biosphere |
All of the ecosystems on earth make up the biosphere. Includes every place on earth where life exists |
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Adhesion |
An attraction between different substances, for example between water in plant cell walls |
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Alkaline |
A basic solution- when a pH is higher than 7 |
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Amphiphilic / amphipathic |
Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in a molecule Example- soap |
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Anion |
Negatively charged ions |
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Aqueous Solution |
A solution in which the solvent is water |
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Asexual Reproduction |
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism. One parent |
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Atom |
Make up all living things but it's self is not a living thing!
The smallest portions of an element that retains the specific element's special chemical properties |
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Atomic mass |
Represents the average mass of the Atom of a specific element |
Neutrons + protons |
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Atomic number |
Represents the number of protons in an Atom's nucleus |
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Biotic |
Living |
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Biotic |
Living |
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Buffer |
Are substances that resist and minimize changes in pH when a solution becomes more acidic or basic |
+ Example is tums |
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Biotic |
Living |
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Buffer |
Are substances that resist and minimize changes in pH when a solution becomes more acidic or basic |
+ Example is tums |
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Calorie (cal) |
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by one degree Celsius |
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Cation |
Positively charged ion |
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Biotic |
Living |
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Buffer |
Are substances that resist and minimize changes in pH when a solution becomes more acidic or basic |
+ Example is tums |
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Calorie (cal) |
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by one degree Celsius |
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Cation |
Positively charged ion |
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Cellular respiration |
😅 |
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Charles Darwin |
1. Species showed evidence of "descent with modification" from common ancestors
2. "Natural selection" is the mechanism behind descent with modification |
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Chemical Bond |
Formation from atoms joining together- either shared or transferred between atoms |
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Chemical reaction |
Are the making and breaking of bonds, they are described by chemical equations |
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Chemistry |
Is the study of matter and how substances interact with each other |
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Cohesion |
The ability of water my molecules to hold onto each other due to hydrogen bonding |
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Community |
The populations in a defined area, they included biotic factors in an area |
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Compound |
The substance is made of two or more different elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio |
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Control group |
The group that is not exposed to the independent variable. You compare the results of the experimental group to the control group |
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Covalent bond |
Formed when electrons are shared between atoms |
Nonmetals including hydrogen |
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Decomposition reaction |
Large molecules form smaller molecules and energy is released |
AB --> A + B |
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
The universal genetic language common to all organisms
It is made of a nucleotide sequences, which in code information for building proteins |
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Dependent variable |
dependent (responding) variable -the variable that is measured or observed |
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Dependent variable |
dependent (responding) variable -the variable that is measured or observed |
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Development |
Is a pattern of change that is typical for a species
Living things grow and develop |
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Differentiated cells |
They have specific structures adapted for specific functions
Found in the multicellular organisms |
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Ecosystem |
The interaction of communities with their environment
Include the biotic and abiotic factors of an area |
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Electrolytes |
Ions that are electrically charged negatively or positively |
Salts mixed with water |
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Electron |
Subatomic particle with a negative charge |
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Electron |
Subatomic particle with a negative charge |
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Electron cloud/ shell/ orbit |
The state of potential energy |
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Electronegativity |
The more electronegative an Atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself |
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Element |
Are substances that cannot be broken down into other substances but ordinary chemical reactions |
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Element symbol |
One or two letter abbreviation for the element |
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Cellular respiration |
The process that releases energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose. (converts food molecules (glucose) into a form usable (ATP) by the organism) |
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Reductionism |
The approach of "zooming in"
It reduces complex systems to smaller components
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Emergent properties |
Allows scientist to observe new layers of complexity by "zooming out" |
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Multicellular organism |
Many cells that depend on one another |
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Unicellular organism |
One cell
Are all prokaryotic cells that have no nucleus |
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Organelles |
are the small microscopic organs in cells |
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Structure |
Is the way something is arranged How it looks |
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Structure |
Is the way something is arranged How it looks |
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Function |
is the role something plays in its environment or its job |
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Eukaryotic cells |
Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
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Heterotrophs |
Are often organisms that use an organic compound as a source of energy |
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Growth |
Involves an increase in the number of cells over time or an increase in the size of a cell |
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Stimulus |
A physical or chemical change in an organisms internal or external environment |
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Positive feedback mechanism |
Are generally fatal to living systems with a few exceptions. They push a system further away from normal |
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Homeostasis |
Maintaining normal or a steady state in living things |
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Negative feedback mechanism |
maintains homeostasis by pushing back to normal |
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Protein synthesis/ Gene expression |
DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins |
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Sexual reproduction |
Requires the fusion of two gametes |
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Genome |
Is the entire set of genetic instructions in an organism |
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Genomics |
The study of sets of genes within and between species |
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Proteomics |
The study of proteins encoded by the genome |
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Taxonomy |
The branch of biology that names and classify species into groups of increasing breadth |
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Domain bacteria |
The most common group of prokaryotic organisms that include common pathogenic bacteria |
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Domain Archaea |
An ancient line of prokaryotic organisms that usually live in extreme environments |
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Domain eukarya |
This domain includes all eukaryotic organisms |
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Natural selection |
Based on three ideas: 1. individuals in a population very in traits 2.populations produce more offspring than can survive, so they must compete for resources. 3. Species Generally suit their environment |
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Solid |
The particles vibrate
Solids have a definite shape and volume |
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Liquid |
The particles can move around each other
Liquids have a definite volume but not a definite shape |
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Gas |
Particles move rapidly and collide continually
Gases do not have a definite shape or volume |
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Essential elements |
Are those that organisms need to live and reproduce |
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Trace elements |
The elements living things need in tiny amounts |
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Isotopes |
Are different atomic forms of the same element
All atoms of an element have the same number of protons, but they may have different numbers of neutrons |
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Radioactive isotopes |
Isotopes that tend to have an unstable nucleus that can't stick together. It falls apart or decays |
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Valence shell |
Electrons react to stabilize complete or fill the outer shell |
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Valence electrons |
The electrons that react chemically in the outermost energy level |
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Unstable elements |
They do not have a full outer shells |
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Molecule |
Consist of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
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Molecular formula |
The abbreviation of the structural formula that represents atoms and their bonding |
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Ionic bond |
These form when atoms gain or lose electrons as they join together
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Metal + non-metal |
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Ions |
Atoms that gain or lose electrons during the transfer become electrically charged |
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Nonpolar covalent bond |
When electrons are shared equally between two atoms |
No charge |
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Nonpolar compounds |
They are hydrophobic- do not like water They are water insoluble and lipid soluble |
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Proton |
Positively charged subatomic particle |
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Neutron |
No charge subatomic particle |
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Hydrophobic |
Do not like water |
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Hydrophilic |
They love water |
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Polar covalent bond |
When electrons are shared unequally between two atoms
they become slightly charged |
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Reactants |
Are written on the left side of a chemical equation and are the starting molecules of a reaction |
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Products |
Are written on the right side of a chemical equation and are the final molecules of a chemical reaction |
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Photosynthesis |
Is an important chemical reaction where the energy from the sun powers the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen |
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Synthesis (addition) reaction |
Elements or molecules are joined together and absorbs energy to make new bonds that repairs and builds (for example) body parts |
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Hydrogen bonds |
Form when a hydrogen Atom covalently bonded to one electronegative Atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom |
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Van der Waals interactions |
If electrons are distributed asymmetrically in molecules or atoms, they can result in hotspots of positive or negative charge |
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Polar |
The opposite ends have opposite charges |
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Interstitial fluid |
The aqueous medium that surrounds most cells |
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Intracellular fluid |
The solution inside of cells |
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Surface tension |
A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid |
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Heat |
A measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to Molecular motion
The transfer of thermal energy from one body of the matter to another |
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Temperature |
A measurement of the intensity of heat do to the average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of matter |
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Specific heat |
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change a temperature by 1°C
The specific heat of water is 1 cal/ g / 1 degrees Celsius |
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Joule (J) |
Another unit of energy
1 J = 0.239 cal |
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Heat of vaporization |
The heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas |
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Evaporative cooling |
The process where as a liquid evaporates, it's remaining surface cools |
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Solution |
A homogeneous mixture of substances |
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Solvent |
The dissolving agent of a solution it is what you have the most of |
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Solute |
The substance that is dissolved in a solvent |
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Molarity (M) |
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
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Moles |
The solute molecules calculated in an aqueous solution |
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pH |
The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter |
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Prokaryotic cell |
Has no nucleus |
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Hydrogen ion (H+) |
The hydrogen atom may leave it's electron behind and be transferred as a proton alone |
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Hydroxide ion (OH-) |
The molecule that lost a proton becomes |
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Hydronium ion (H3O+) |
The molecule with the extra proton is called |
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Universal code |
DNA Contain the bases G C A T A-T C-G |
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Science |
Comes from the Latin word "to know" |
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Organisms |
Are made up of either one cells or many cells- either Unicellular or multicellular |
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Tissue |
Multicellular organisms have cell associate to form this |
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Organs and organ systems |
Several tissues working together form organs that form the systems |
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Population |
A group of organisms of the same species within a defined area |
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Kinetic energy |
Is the energy of a motion |
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Octet rule |
Higher shells or orbits may hold more electrons. An orbit is stable if it has 8 electrons ( exception to the first one) |
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Metal |
Elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current. |
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Metal |
Elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current. |
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Nonmetal |
an element that conducts heat and electricity poorly |
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Hypothesis |
An idea or preposition that can be tested by observation or experimentation |
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Theory |
An explanation of a large quantity of information that must be supported and eventually confirmed or rejected by a range of evidence |
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Law |
A description of a phenomenon that holds true under specific conditions and occurs in certain circumstances |
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Gamete |
A sex cell that usually has half the genetic material of a normal body (somatic) cell
Ex. Sperm, egg |
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Experimental group |
Exposed to the independent variable |
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Independent variable |
The part of the experiment that is being changed or manipulated to see if it has an effect. |
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Inorganic compounds |
do not contain both carbon and hydrogen |
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Inorganic compounds |
do not contain both carbon and hydrogen |
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Organic compound |
Contain both carbon and hydrogen |
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Zygote |
A fertilized egg formed when 2 gametes fuse |
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Stable atom |
Have a full valence shell |
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Structural formula |
The notation used to represent atoms and bonding |
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Stem cell |
l, an undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce some offspring cells that continue as stem cells and some cells that are destined to differentiate (become specialized) |
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Stem cell |
an undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce some offspring cells that continue as stem cells and some cells that are destined to differentiate (become specialized) |
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Hydration shell |
The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion. |
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