Test 1

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Diagnosis

Back 1

Refers to the identification of specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms and laboratory test

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Etiology

Back 2

The causative factor in a particular disease

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Disease

Back 3

Deviation from normal state of health. A disruption of homeostasis. A deviation from normal structure/function of a body part or system

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Pathology

Back 4

Laboratory study of the changes in cells and tissues that occur with a disease process

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Secondary prevention

Back 5

These interventions happen after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed. The goal is to halt or slow the progress of disease

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Tertiary prevention

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Focuses on helping people manage complicated, long term health problems such as diabetes

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Predisposing factors

Back 7

Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual. High risk factors may include age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure, or certain dietary practices

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Predisposing factors

Back 8

Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual. High risk factors may include age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure, or certain dietary practices

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Pathogenesis

Back 9

Refers to the development of the disease

Front 10

Epidemics

Back 10

Occur when there are higher than expected numbers cases of an infection within a given area

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Pandemics

Back 11

Involve higher numbers of cases in many regions of the globe

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Syndrome

Back 12

A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting several organs that usually occur together in a disorder

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Precipitating factors

Back 13

Is a condition that triggers an acute episode, such as a seizure in an individual with a seizure disorder.

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Sequela

Back 14

Describe the potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition, such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke

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Convalescence or rehabilitation

Back 15

Is the period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state; it may last for several days or months

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Prognosis

Back 16

Is defined as the probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes

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Atrophy

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Refers to a decrease in size of cells, resulting in a reduced tissue mass. Common causes include reduces used if the tissue, insufficient nutrition, aging

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Hypertrophy

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Refers to an increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass. Ex. Exercise leading to enlarge muscle or enlarged heart

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Hyperplasia

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An increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass. Ex enlargement of uterine during pregnancy

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Metaplasia

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Occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. When stratified columnar epithelium replaces ciliates columnar epithelium in the respiratory tract of cigarette smokers

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Anaplasia

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Refers to cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitosis figures.

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Neoplasia

Back 22

Means new growth and neoplasm is commonly called a tumor

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Gangrene

Back 23

Refers to an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria

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Causes of cell damage

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Ischemia, physical agents, mechanical damage, chemicals/toxins, microorganisms, abnormal metabolites, nutritional deficits, imbalance of fluids/electrolytes

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Ischemia

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Inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ

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Infarction

Back 26

area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation

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Wet gangrene

Back 27

More commonly due to blockage of venous drainage but also due to arterial occlusion. Occurs in moist areas. Affected area becomes cold, swollen, pulseless

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Dry gangrene

Back 28

Due to hypoxia from severe interference wig arterial blood supply to area "ischemic gangrene" associated with diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, smoking, severe frostbite. Skin becomes dry wrinkled and shriveled "mummified"

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Pathophysiology

Back 29

the study of physiologic and functional changes that occur in the body due to disease process

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Pathology

Back 30

laboratory study of the changes in cells and tissues that occurs with a disease process

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non specific first line of defense

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mechanical barrier such as the skin or mucous membrane, secretions such as saliva or tears and gastric juices

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second line of defense non specific

Back 32

inflammation and phagocytosis

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phagocytosis

Back 33

is the process by which neutrophils and macrophages randomly engulf and destroy bacteria, cell debris, or foreign matter

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third life of defense (specific immunity)

Back 34

it provides protection by stimulating the production of unique antibodies or sensitizing lymphocytes following exposure to specific substance.

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precapillary sphincters

Back 35

composed of smooth muscle restrict blood flow through some channels.

Front 36

hydrostatic pressure

Back 36

is based on the difference between the hydrostatic pressure within the capillary as compared with the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid in the tissues.

Front 37

venous end

Back 37

hydrostatic pressure is decreased due the previous movement of fluid into the interstitial fluid space.

Front 38

resolution

Back 38

is the process that occurs when there is minimal tissue damage. damage cells recover and tissue returns to normal within a short period of time; for example, after mild sunburn.

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healing by first intention

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refers to the process involved when the wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrotic tissue, and the edges of it are held close together, creating a minimal gap between the edges.

ex. surgical incision

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Healing by second intention

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refers to a situation in which there is a large break in the tissue and consequently more inflammation, a longer healing period, and formation of more scar tissue.

ex. compound fracture

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adhesions

Back 41

bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated

Front 42

superficial thickness burns also know as first degree burn

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damage the epidermis and may involve the upper dermis. they usually appear red and painful but heal without scar tissue. ex. sunburn or a mild scald.

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Deep partial-thickness burns (formerly second degree burns)

Back 43

involve the destruction of the epidermis and part of the dermis. the area is red, edemas, blistered, and often hypersensitive and pain during the inflammatory stage

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full-thickeness burns (formerly third degree burns

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result in destruction of all skin layers and often underlying tissue as well. full thickness burns require skin graft.

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rule of nines to calculate burns

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total heal 9%, two arms 18%, trunk 36%, perineum 1%, two legs 36%

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hypertrophic scar tissue

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overgrowth of fibrous tissue confined to original injury site. regresses with time

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keloid formation

Back 47

scar tissue extends beyond original injury. regrows with excision. More common in African American and Asians

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infectious disease

Back 48

result when microbes invade our body, multiply, and damage our bodies

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pili or fimbriae

Back 49

are tiny hairlike structure found on some bacteria, usually in the gram-negative class. pili assist in attachment of the bacterium to tissue and transfer of genetic material.

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exotoxins

Back 50

are produced by gram-positive bacteria and diffuse thought body fluids, interferes with nerve conduction, such as the neurotoxin from the tetanus bacillus. stimulate antibody and antitoxin. ex. tetanus, botulism, and diptheria.

Front 51

endotoxins

Back 51

are present in the cell walls of gram-negative organism and are released after the bacterium dies. endotoxins may cause fever and general weakness. act as pyrogens and initiate inflammatory process.

ex. meningitis

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enzymes

Back 52

damage tissue and promote spread of infection. ex. hemolysin, collegians, streptokinase

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bacteria

Back 53

are unicellular organism that do not require living tissue to survive

Front 54

viruses

Back 54

are very small obligate intracellular parasite that requires a living host for replication. lack enzymes for metabolic process

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viron

Back 55

a virus particle. it consist of a protein coat, or capris, and a core of either DNA or RNA

Front 56

viruses-latent stage

Back 56

viruses enters cell but does not produce new viral particles. can be reactivated by stress, illness or hormonal changes

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rickettsia (bacteria)

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are tiny gram-negative bacteria that live inside a host cell (obligate intracellular parasites). they are transmitted by insect vectors, such as lice or ticks, and cause diseases such as typhus fever ad Rocky Mountain spotted fever. they attack blood vessel walls, causing a typical rash and small hemorrhages.

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Mycoplasmal Infection (bacteria)

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is a common cause of pneumonia. these microbes lack cell walls-therefore are not affected by many antimicrobial drugs. "walking pneumonia"

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Mutations

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viruses can can their antigens on the protein coat. viruses can combine genetic material from different viral stains and produce a new virus. viruses can change host cell DNA-induce mutations that can cause cancer.

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Chlamydia (bacteria)

Back 60

common cause of sexually transmitted infection that causes pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in women.

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candida

Back 61

is a harmless fungus normally present on skin. it may cause infection in the oral cavity. called thrush.

Front 62

histoplasma

Back 62

is a fungus causing lung infection that may become disseminated through the body in immunosuppressed patients. transmitted by contaminated dust or soil particles.

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protozoa

Back 63

eukaryotic forms, unicellular, lack cell wall, pathogens are usually parasites.

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disease caused by protozoa are:

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Trichomonas vaginalis STD, Malaria (plasmodium Vivax) transmitted by mosquito

Plasmodium Falciparum (drug resistant).

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Helminths (flat round worms)

Back 65

are not microorganism, are parasites. are multicellular. infections are more commonly found in young children.

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tapeworm (helminths)

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most common form is transmitted by larvae in undercooked pork

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Prions

Back 67

protein like agents that change the shape and function of proteins within host cells. transmitted by contaminated tissue, or blood of animals or humans. causes degenerative disease for the nervous system. Include: creutsfelt-jacob disease, varian creutzfelt-jacob disease (mad cow disease)

caused by consumption of meat that has been contaminated.

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infection

Back 68

occurs when a microbe or parasite is able to reproduce in or on the body's tissue.

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pathogenicity

Back 69

refer to the capacity of microbes to cause disease.

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virulence

Back 70

is the degree of pathogenicity of a specific microbe.

Front 71

incubation period

Back 71

time between entry of organism in the body and appearance of clinical signs of disease. organism is reproducing

Front 72

prodromal period

Back 72

non specific, "coming down with something". fatigue, loss of appetite, headache.

Front 73

period of incubation

Back 73

infectious disease fully develops. onset can be acute of insidious. clinical manifestations reach peak.

Front 74

local infection

Back 74

organism enters the body and remains confined to a specific location

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systemic infection

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infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, typically through the circulatory system.

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septicemia

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caused by multiplication of pathogens in the blood. Caused by sepsis.

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bacteremia

Back 77

presence of bacteria in the blood

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toxemia

Back 78

presence of toxins in the blood

Front 79

viremia

Back 79

presence of viruses in the blood

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primary infections

Back 80

initial infection followed by complications caused by another microbe. initial infection caused by a pathogen

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secondary infection

Back 81

follow primary infection and is caused by a microbe other than that causing the primary infection. may be by an opportunistic pathogen

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subclinical infection

Back 82

microbe reproduces in body but does not cause signs or symptoms.

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bactericidal

bacteriostatic

Back 83

refers to drugs that destroy organism

applies to drugs that decrease the microbes rate of reproduction.

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Broad Spectrum Antibiotic

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refers to antibacterials that are effective against both gram-negative and gram positive organism.

Front 85

narrow spectrum antibiotics

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act against either gram negative or gram-positive organism, but not both.

preferred because are less likely to upset the balance of resident flora in the body.

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antibacterial mode of action

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1. interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis. penicillin.

2. increases permeability of the bacterial cell membrane-polymyxin.

3. tetracycline , interfere with protein synthesis and cell reproduction. have adverse effect on children and pregnant women.

4. sulfonamides interfere with the synthesis of essential metabolites.

Front 87

mode of action of antivirals

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inhibit reproduction, drugs may act by blocking entry into host cell. inhibit gene expression, inhibit assembly of the virus.

adverse effects in humans.

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antifungals

Back 88

attack eukaryotic cells. may interfere with mitosis in fungi or may increase fungal membrane permeability. anti fungal agents often toxic to human/animals.

topical antifungals: skin infections

systemic administration: emphotericin B, griseofulvin.

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Examples of Infection: influenza

Back 89

is a viral infection that may affect both upper and lower respiratory tracts. secondary bacterial infection such as pneumonia.

greatest risk for those over 65 years and those with chronic cardiovascular or respiratory disease. classified as RNA virus type A, B, and C. type A is difficult to control because it undergoes frequent mutations

Front 90

lymphoid structure

Back 90

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, intestinal lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic circulation

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antigens

Back 91

are either foreign substances or human cells surface antigens that are unique. they activate the immune system to produce specific antibodies.

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macrophages

Back 92

originate in the bone marrow. functions: phatocytosis, inflammation and secrete monokiness interleukins.

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B lymphocytes

Back 93

are responsible for humoral immunity through the production of antibodies or immunoglobulins. B lymphocytes act primarily against bacterial and viruses.

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CD8 cells (cytotoxic or killer T cells)

Back 94

attack cancer cells, virus infected cells. Bind to infected cells or cancer antigen and release chemicals to destroy cell. Release monokines, lymphokines which destroy foreign cell membranes or cause an inflammatory response.

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CD4 cells (helper T cells)

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secrete cytokines a chemical messenger which regulate all the cell in immune system. B and T cells, macrophages, NK cells.

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Memory T cells

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remain in the lymph nodes for years, ready to activate the response again if the same invader returns.

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IgG immunoglobulins

Back 97

most abundant 85%. accounts for most of the antibody activity against infection. only immunoglobulin transported across placenta. involve in Rh incompatibility. transfers passive immunity to newborn.

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IgA

Back 98

found in secretions such as tears, saliva, respiratory, GI, vaginal and prostatic secretions, breast milk-colostrum. Baby begins to make own IgA antibodies within 13 days after birth.

Functions: prevents bacterial/viruses from attaching to epithelial cells

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IgM

Back 99

largest of immunoglobulins. 1st immunoglobulin to appear in circulation in response to foreign antigen. presence indicates current infection.

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IgE

Back 100

attaches to mast cells located in tissue (also to basophil). Binding of antigen (allergen) to IgE attached to mast cells causes release of histamine from mast cells.

Function: mediates allergic tupe 1 hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis)

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IgD

Back 101

cell membrane-bound immunoglobulin found exclusively on B cells

Front 102

Kinins

Back 102

cause vasodilation, increased permeability (edema) and pain.

Front 103

histamine

Back 103

released from mast cells and basophils, paticularly in allergic reaction. causes vasodilation and increase vascular permeability or edema, also contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, and pruritus

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titer (titre)

Back 104

measures level of serum immunoglobulin. Detect presence of infection.

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Antigenic Drift

Back 105

Gradual season to season changes in antigens on the surface of the circulating flu virus.

This causes antibodies produced by the strain prevalent one season to be ineffective the next season