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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When an atom gains or loses one or more electrons, it is called... |
an ion. |
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When an atom gains or loses one or more neutrons, it is called... |
an isotope. |
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A ______________ is a group of atoms held together by energy. |
molecule |
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The energy or force holding two atoms together is called? |
A chemical bond |
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A chemical bond where the force is generated by the attraction of oppositely charged ions. |
Ionic bond |
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A chemical bond where the force results from the sharing of electrons. |
Covalent bonds |
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A chemical bond where the force is generated by the attraction of opposite partial electrical charges. |
Hydrogen bonds |
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In a covalent bond when one nucleus is much better at attracting shared electrons. |
Electronegativity |
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2 key properties of a covalent bond? |
1. They are strong, involving the sharing of lots of energy. 2. They're very directional. Bonds form between two specific atoms rather than a generalized attraction towards neighbors. |
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In a covalent bond: when electrons spend more time around one nucleus, giving one end of the molecule a slightly positive charge and one side a negative charge. |
Polar molecules |
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Large molecules that make up the bodies of organisms and are found in our food, such as proteins, carbs (including sugars), and lipids (including fats, trans fats, saturated fats, and cholesterol). |
Organic molecules |
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The body's macromolucles are assembled by sticking smaller bits together called... |
Monomers |
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A molecule built up of long chains of similar subunits is called a... |
Polymer |
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The four building materials of cells (proteins, nucleic acids, carbs, and lipids). |
Macromolecules |
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The way macromolecules are put together: a covalent bond is formed between 2 subunits in which a hydroxyl group is removed from one subunit and a hydrogen is removed from the other. |
dehydration synthesis |
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A special class of proteins that facilitate the positioning of molecules so that the correct chemical bonds are stressed and broken. |
enzymes |
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The process of tearing down a molecule by adding a water molecule. When it comes in, a hydrogen becomes attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl to another, breaking the covalent bond. |
hydrolysis |
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Despite their diverse functions, all proteins have the same basic structure: a long polymer chain made of subunits called... |
amino acids |
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The covalent bond linking two amino acids that is formed by dehydration synthesis. |
peptide bond |
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Long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds are called... |
Polypeptides |
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The sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide chain is termed the polypeptide's... |
primary structure |
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Because some amino acids are non-polar, a polypeptide chain folds up in water, which is very polar, pushing nonpolar amino acid functional groups from the watery environment. The final shape, a folded and twisted blobular molecule is called... |
tertiary structure |
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When a protein is composed of more than one polypeptide chain, the spatial arrangement of several component chains is called the... |
quaternary structure |
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When a protein unfolds due to the polar nature of the protein's environment changing, by either increasing temps or lowering pH, altering hydrogen bonding. |
denatured |
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Special proteins that help new proteins fold correctly. |
chaperone proteins |
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Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are examples of what structure of a protein? |
Secondary |
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Which functional group contains the organic molecule Hydroxyl? |
carbohydrates |
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Which functional group contains the organic molecule Carbonyl? |
lipid |
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Which functional group contains the organic molecule Carboxyl? |
protein |
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Which functional group contains the organic molecule Phosphate? |
DNA, ATP |
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NH2 |
Amino group |
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COOH |
carboxyl group |
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R |
functional group |
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All of the principle functional groups: |
Amino, phosphate, carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl. |
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Protein has which monomer? |
amino acids |
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Nucleic acid has which monomer? |
nucleotides |
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carboyhydrates |
monosaccharides |
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lipids |
fatty acids |
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An enzymes three-dimensional shape allows it to do what (in additional to catalyzing a chemical reaction)? |
1. Stress covalent bonds so that they break
2. Encourage covalent bond formation |
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Misfolded brain proteins that create a chain reaction killing ever more brain cells, loss of brain function, and death. |
prions |
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Very long polymers that serve as genetic information storage devices. |
nucleic acid |
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Nucleic acids are long polymers of repeating subunits called... |
nucleotides |
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In the formation of a nucleic acid, the individual sugars with their attached nitrogenous bases are linked in a line by the phosphate groups in very long... |
polynucleotide chains |
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What is composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and an organic nitrogen-containing base? |
nucleotide |
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What chain has phosphate groups between the sugars? |
Polynucleotide chains |
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How many types of nucleotides are there for DNA and RNA? |
5 |
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If a nucleotide uses uracil as a nucleotide, then it is... |
RNA |
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If a nucleic acid uses thymine as a nucleotide, then it is... |
DNA |
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A long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms ending in a carboxyl group is... |
a fatty acid. |
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2 characteristics of lipids? |
1. storage molecules with numerous energy rich C-H bonds
2. not soluble in water |
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List some functional groupings of proteins? |
Structural, defensive, transport, contractile, and enzymes. |
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3 principles of cell theory |
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the smallest living things. Nothing smaller is considered alive. 3. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell. |
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surface-to-volume ratio |
As cell size increases, volume grows much more rapidly than surface area. |
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A structural feature that increases the surface area of a cell via small "fingerlike" projections. |
microvilli |
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A delicate membrane surrounding cells that controls permeability. |
plasma membrane |
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A semifluid matrix that fills the interior of a cell. |
cytoplasm |
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Who was the first scientist to describe cells in 1665? |
Robert Hooke |
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The type of microscope that allows us to see specimens in 3 dimensions. |
scanning electron microscope |
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A plasma membranes basic structure of proteins embedded in a sheet of lipids is called... |
the fluid mosaic model. |
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The lipid layer that forms the foundation of a plasma membrane is composed of modified fat molecules called ____________. It can be thought of as a polar head with two nonpolar tails attached to it. |
phospholipids |
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Membrane proteins that project up from the surface of the plasma membrane like buoys, often w/ carb chains or lipids attached to their tips, that act as markers to identify particular types of cells or as beacons to bind specific hormones or proteins to the cell. |
cell surface proteins |
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Proteins that extend through the membrane bilayer to provide a passageway for ions and polar molecules. |
transmembrane proteins |
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Type of cell that has a relatively uniform cytoplasm not subdivided by interior membranes, no organelles, or a nucleus. Home grouping of bacteria and archaea. |
prokaryotes |
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The sites where proteins are made, though not considered organelles because they lack a membrane boundary. |
ribosomes |
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Long, threadlike structure used by some prokaryotes to move. |
flagellum |
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Short flagella that help attach prokaryotic cells to appropriate substrates and aid in exchange of information. |
Pili |
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The organelles are anchored at specific locations in the cytoplasm by an interior scaffold of protein fibers called... |
cytoskeleton |
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Microscopes that magnify in stages using several lenses. |
compound light microscopes |
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A powerful tool for the analysis of cell structure has been the use of ______ that bind to specific molecular targets. |
stains |
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4 structures found in plant, but not animal, cells |
Cell walls, chloroplasts, central vacuole, plasmodesmata |
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The control center of the cell and genetic library of hereditary information. |
nucleus |
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The two membranes that act as a barrier between nucleus and cytoplasm. |
nuclear envelope |
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An opening in the nuclear envelope that allows the exchange of materials. |
nuclear pores |
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The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is divided into several segments that are associated with proteins and form... |
chromosomes |
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How do chromosomes differ from chromatin? |
Chromosomes are segments of DNA and protein. When chromosomes uncoil after cell division, they form threadlike strands called chromatin. |
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What is the function of the ribosome? |
Synthesize proteins |
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Which organelle is the site of the assembly of ribosomes? |
nucleolus |
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What are the organelles of the endomembrane system? |
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and vesicles. |
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Water diffuses across a cell membrane down its concentration gradient in a process called... |
osmosis |
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What is the correct sequence of the receptor mediated endocytosis process? |
Molecule binds to membrane receptor, pit closes over to form internal vesicle, plasma membrane invaginates and the coated pit deepens, & the pit closes over to form a vesicle. |
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Structures of the plant cell wall: laid down when the cell is growing. |
primary cell wall |
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Structures of the plant cell wall: glues adjacent cells together. |
middle lamella |
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Structures of the plant cell wall: strong wall deposited inside the primary walls. |
secondary cell wall |
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Which cell like organelles have their own DNA? |
chloroplasts & mitochondria |
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The movement of molecules across a plasma membrane to a region of higher concentration by the expenditure of energy. |
Active transport |
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The 3 protein fibers that form the cytoskeleton. |
microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments |
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A membrane-bound storage compartment found in many plant and protist cells. |
Vacuoles |
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The pressure that must be applied to stop osmotic movement of water across a membrane. |
osmotic pressure |
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3 characteristics of centrioles? |
They occur in pairs, are found near the nuclear envelope, and are usually located at right angles to one another. |
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The difference in the concentration of polar and charged molecules and ions ion either side of the plasma membrane. |
concentration gradient |
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Which process is at work when a cell extends its plasma membrane outward toward food particles and engulfs them? |
endocytosis |
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A series of membranes fused to form stacks of closed vesicles in the chloroplast. |
thylakoids |
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A column consisting of stacked thylakoids in the chloroplast. |
granum |
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Semiliquid substance within the chloroplast. |
stroma |
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What does the cytoskeleton do? |
Anchors organelles to fixed locations within the cell's interior and provides a framework that supports the shape of the cell. |
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The discharge of material from vesicles at the cell surface. |
exocytosis |
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In what ways can animal cells move? |
Some swim with flagella, some swim with cilia, & some crawl. |
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The type of diffusion that occurs with the use of a special carrier protein which binds only to certain kinds of molecules. |
Facilitated diffusion |
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How would you describe the structure of the Golgi bodies? |
flattened stacks of membranes |
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The pressure of the cytoplasm pushing out against the cell membrane. |
hydrostatic pressure |
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The endoplasmic reticulum provides the cell with an extensive system of internal membranes for what purpose? |
The synthesis of proteins destined for export. |
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Net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient toward regions of lower concentration. |
diffusion |
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Which protein fiber of the cytoskeleton is responsible for cellular movement? |
microfilament |
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Which protein fiber of the cytoskeleton organizes metabolism and intracellular transport in the non-dividing cell? |
microtubule |
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Which protein fiber of the cytoskeleton provides structural reinforcement to the cell and organelles? |
intermediate fillaments |
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In a chemical reaction, the original molecules are called what? |
Reactants, or sometimes substrates |
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What states that energy can change from one state to another, but it can never be destroyed, nor can new energy be made? |
The First Law of Thermodynamics |
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This states that disorder is more likely than order? |
The Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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A measure of the degree of disorder in a system. |
entropy |
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The optimum temperature for human body enzymes. |
37 degrees celsius |
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Use of energy released from exergonic hydrolysis of ATOP to drive endergonic reactions like protein synthesis. |
biosynthesis |
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Use of ATP to move muscle filaments. |
Contraction |
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Phosphorylation of molecules by the transfer of a phosphate from ATP. |
Chemical activation |
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Use of ATP to move molecules into cells against their concentration gradient. |
Importing of metabolites. |
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What makes up an ATP molecule? |
A sugar backbone, adenine, and three phosphates. |
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Optimal pH range for human body enzymes? |
6 to 8 |
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The organizational units of metabolism are... |
Biochemical pathways |
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Reaction where energy must be supplied. |
Endergonic reaction |
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Reaction where energy is released. |
Exergonic reaction |
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The site on the enzyme where the reactant fits. |
Active site |
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The site on the reactant that binds to an enzyme is called its... |
binding site |
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Increased temps can cause an enzyme's 3 dimensional shape to become... |
denatured |
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A series of proteins and carrier molecules that siphon out energy in small amounts and pump protons across the thylakoid membrane. |
Electron transport system |
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How does chlorophyll function in photsynthesis? |
It absorbs energy from light. |
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Internal membrane that is a flattened sac. (Chloroplast structure) |
thylakoid |
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Semi-liquid fluid that fills interior of chloroplast. |
Stroma |
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Stacks of thylakoids. (Chloroplast structure) |
grana |
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In plants and algae, it's a complex of chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments embedded within a matrix of protein molecules in the membranes of thylakoids. |
photosystem |
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What is the reaction center? |
A chlorophyll a molecule that transfers an electron to an electron acceptor. |
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What are 2 truths about chlorophyll a and b? |
They capture photons with a magnesium ion and differ slightly in their chemical side groups. |
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What is a photosystem? |
A cluster of chlorophyll molecules arranged in a network. |
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What are the products of light-dependent reactions? |
ATP, oxygen, and NADPH. |
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What is the role of the antenna complex in noncyclic photophosphorylation? |
To capture energy from photons and funnel it to the reaction center. |
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The process where a carbon atom from carbon dioxide is added to an organic molecule. |
carbon fixation |
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What is a photon? |
A packet of light energy |
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What organisms carry out photosynthesis? |
Algae, bacteria, and plants. |
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A proton gradient created by the electron transport chain can be used to ATP is a process known as... |
chemiosmosis |
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Molecules that absorb wavelengths of light energy are called what? |
pigments |
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What are the reactants of photosynthesis? |
CO2, H20, and light energy. |
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The assembly of new organic molecules during a stage of photosynthesis. |
The Calvin cycle |
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Where are the light-absorbing pigments found within chloroplasts? |
Embedded in the thylakoid membranes. |
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In order for acetyl-CoA to be produced from a pyruvate molecule, what must occur? |
CO2 must be lost from the pyruvate molecule. |
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What molecules are produced during the second half of glycolysis? |
Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. |
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The loss of an electron from an atom or molecule. |
Oxidation |
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In the electron transport chain of cellular respiration, ... |
the energy of electrons is used to power the production of ATP. |
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The process by which an atom or molecule gains electrons. |
Reduction |
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In cellular respiration, what pathway consists of nine reactions that remove 2 carbons from acetyl-CoA, produce ATP, NADH, AND FADH2, and regenerate the starting material? |
The Krebs cycle |
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The process of oxidizing food molecules to obtain energy. |
Cellular respiration |
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The 2 components of the second stage of cellular respiration. |
An electron transport chain and the Krebs cycle. |
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What two molecules combine at the first step of the Krebs cycle to produce the six-carbon molecule citrate? |
acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. |
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NADH and FADH2 produced during the stages of cellular respiration carry electrons to the electron transport chain, which consists of... |
molecules associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. |
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During glycolysis, how many net ATP molecules are made per molecule of glucose? |
2 |
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The energy released by the electron transport chain is used to... |
transfer protons into the intermembrane space. |
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The first stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and is called... |
glycolysis |
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The metabolic pathway in which electrons and hydrogen atoms from NADH are donated to an organic molecule are not the electron transport chain is called... |
fermentation |
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Which part of oxidative respiration produces CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 molecules? |
The Krebs cycle |
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A high energy phosphate is removed from a substrate and added to ADP during substrate-level... |
phosphorylation |
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The proton channel on the inner mitochondrial membrane that is used to add a phosphate to ADP is called... |
ATP synthase |
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Phosphates from two molecules called ____ are added to glucose in the first few steps of glycolysis. |
ATP |
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Coupled chemical reactions that involve atoms losing electrons while different atoms are gaining electrons is called... |
an oxidation-reduction reaction |
