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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are autotrophs?
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Organisms that harvest sunlight for energy.
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What are heterotrophs?
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Organisms that consume other organisms for energy.
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What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration? Fermentation?
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Oxygen. An inorganic molecule other than oxygen. An organic molecule.
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What produces most ATP? How does it function?
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The enzyme ATP synthase. It has a rotary motor driven by protons moving down their gradient.
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In what two ways do cells catabolize organic molecules to produce ATP?
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Substrate-level phosphorylation and aerobic respiration.
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What are the four stages of glucose catabolism?
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1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain
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What is substrate-level phosphorylation? Where and when does it occur?
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The formation of ATP by transfering a phosphate to ADP directly from an intermediate. In the cytoplasm during glycolysis.
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What is aerobic respiration? Where and when does it occur?
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The formation of ATP by ATP synthase. In the mitochondria during pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
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What are the four steps of glycolysis?
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1. Glucose Priming 2. Cleavage and Rearrangement 3. Oxidation 4. ATP Generation
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How many net ATP are produced by glycolysis?
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Two ATP.
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What is NAD and its function?
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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide. It is an electron carrier for electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
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Where does Pyruvate Oxidation occur and what does it yield?
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In the mitochondria, acetyl-CoA, NADH, and CO2.
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The Krebs Cycle oxidizes ______ in what two steps?
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Acetyl-CoA, Priming, Energy Extraction (4 Oxidations, 1 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation)
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Glucose catabolism occurs through a series of _____ reactions.
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Redox.
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What is the electron carrier for the catabolism of glucose?
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NAD+.
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Where is the electron transport chain?
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The inner mitochondrial membrane.
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_______ ions are moved across the membrane in the electron transport chain to create a gradient.
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Hydrogen.
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What is the total theoretical yield of aerobic respiration?
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36 ATP.
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What is the passage of protons through ATP synthase called?
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Chemiosmosis.
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At what two points is aerobic respiration inhibited, and by what?
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At glycolysis by phosphofructokinase. At Krebbs' cycle by citrate synthetase.
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How are proteins metabolized? Fats?
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Deamination. Beta-oxidation (forms acetyl-CoA, feeds directly to Krebbs').
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What happens in fermentation?
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Electrons from the glycolytic breakdown of glucose are donated to an organic molecule. Regenerates NAD+ from NADH.
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What are the 6 major steps of the evolution of cellular respiration?
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1.Degredation (breaking down molecules for energy) 2.Glycolysis (breakdown of glucose) 3.Anaerobic Photosynthesis (light to generate ATP using H2S) 4.Oxygen-forming Photosynthesis (H20 instead of H2S) 5.Nitrogen Fixation (needed for amino acid and nucleotide synthesis) 6.Aerobic Respiration (possibly modification of photosynthesis)
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Who made these flashcards?
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Robert Fromm
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