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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a receptor protein?
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A protein that binds to a specific signal molecule, inducing a change within the cell.
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List the four types of cell signaling and describe them.
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Direct contact- cell to cell
Paracrine- targets cells in immediate vacinity Endocrine- targets distant cells through the blood Synaptic- rapid communication between neurons and target cells |
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What is an intracellular receptor?
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Receptors located within the cell that can trigger a variety of responses from the cell.
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How do intracellular receptors act as gene regulators? What is an example of a signal molecule in this function?
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They stimulate protein synthesis. Steroids.
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How do intracellular receptors act as enzymes? What is an example of a signal molecule in this fuction?
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They catalyze synthesis of intracellular signal molecules. NO(Nitric Oxide).
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What are the three types of cell surface receptors?
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Chemically gated ion channels, enzyme receptors, G-protein receptors.
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What is a kinase?
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An enzyme that activates proteins by adding a phosphate group.
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How do enzyme receptor cell surface receptors usually activate intracellular proteins?
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Phosphorylation.
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How do G-protein receptors work?
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A receptor protein is activated, which activates a G-protein, which activates an enzyme or ion channel on the cell membrane.
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Each G-protein receptor is a ___-pass transmembrane protein.
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Seven
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What are the first and second messengers?
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The first messengers are external signals that are converted to intracellular signals, which are the second messengers.
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What are two important intracellular signal molecules and where do they come from?
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cAMP (synthesized from ATP by adenlyl cyclase), Calcium (extracellular fluid and/or endoplasmic reticulum)
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What does calcium activate?
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Calmodulin, which in turn activates many other proteins.
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Why can a very small amount of signal molecule cause dramatic changes in the cell?
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The signal is amplified.
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What type of receptor is the photoreceptor in our eyes?
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G-protein receptor.
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How do cells tell the difference between cells similar to themselves and different cells?
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They detect the tissue specific glycolipids on a cell membrane with their MHC proteins.
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What are tight junctions? Where is one place where they are found?
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Places where plasma membranes of cells connect in a sheet. Epithelial cells.
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What are anchoring junctions? What role do desmosomes and cadherin play in this?
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They are connections between two cells' cytoskeltons or extracellular matrix. Desmosomes connect the cytoskeletons and cadherin is the protein that makes the critical link.
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What are communicating junctions? What are they in animals? In plants?
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A junction that allows a chemical or electrical signal to pass between two cells. Gap junctions. Plasmodesmata.
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Who made these flashcards?
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Robert Fromm
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