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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the Hammerling Expirement and what it discovered.
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Cells of Acetabularia were cut up to determine which were able to express hereditaty information. It discovered that the nucleus stores genetic information.
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What did the transplantion expirements conducted by Briggs and King in 1952 and by Steward in 1958 prove?
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Each eukaryotic cell contains a full set of genetic instructions.
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What is transformation?
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The movement of genes between organisms.
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What did the Griffith expirement show?
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Movement of materials can alter genetic make up.
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What was Avery's expirement and what did it show?
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Avery removed almost all of the protein from some bacteria. There was no decrease in transformation. Herego, protein is not what determines hereditary information.
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What did the Hershey-Chase show?
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DNA, not protein, determines hereditary information.
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DNA is made up of ________, which are polymers of _______, which are composed of _________, _________, and _________.
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Nucleic acids, nucleotides, a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate, a nitrogenous base
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What is the bond between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of another called?
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A phosphodiester bond.
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What are purines? Pyrimidines? What is Chargaff's rule?
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Purines are large bases (Adenine and Guanine). Pyrimidines are small bases (Thymine and Cytosine). Chargaff's rule states A pairs with T, and G with C.
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Who produced the X-ray diffraction photograph? Why was it important?
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Rosalind Franklin. It showed that DNA was helical with a 2 nanometer diameter.
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What did Watson and Crick deduce?
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The shape and structure of DNA.
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How is DNA replication semi-conservative? What expirement proved that DNA replication was semi-conservative?
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The sequence of nucleotides is conserved, but the original double strand is not. The Meselson-Stahl expirement.
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Where does DNA replication begin? What is required to allow constructive enzymes to bind to the parent strand?
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Replication Origin. A Primer.
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What enzyme strings together nucleotides to form the daughter strand? In what direction does this enzyme move down the parent strand?
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DNA Polymerase III. From the 3' end toward the 5' end.
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What is the difference between endonucleases and exonucleases?
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Endonucleases cut away nucleotides inbetween the ends of the strand. Exonucleases chew away at the ends of the strand.
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Because DNA Polymerase can't link the first nucleotides of a DNA strand, a _______ is formed by _________, also known as _______.
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RNA Primer, RNA Polymerase, Primase
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What are leading stands and lagging strands?
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Leading strands are the stands of DNA that replicate toward the replication fork. Lagging strands replicate away from the fork.
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What are Okazaki fragments?
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The short stretches of DNA on the lagging strand.
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What does DNA ligase do?
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It attaches the Okazaki fragments together.
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What does DNA gyrase do?
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It relieves the torque caused by unraveling the double helix.
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Why is DNA replication semi-discontinuous?
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Although the leading strand replicates continuously, the lagging strand replicates in fragments.
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What is a replisome?
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A large macromolecular protein that replicates DNA. It is very fast and very accurate.
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What are the three stages of DNA replication?
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Initiation (always occurs at same site), Elongation (most of the replication), and Termination (details unclear)
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How do genes produce their effects?
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They each code for the structure of an enzyme.
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Who made these flashcards?
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Robert Fromm
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