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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Whose views matter in theories?
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Theories reflect the political world views of the people writing and practicing them
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6 Reasons Theory Matters
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It is the base of our assumptions, it allows us to be accountable, it helps us critically examine "common sense", it's development is up to all of us, it impacts how we view others, it informs our interventions
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5 Characteristics of Theories
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Overlap, prone to trends, informed by grand theories, socially constructed, influenced by forces
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4 Things that Contribute to Theories
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Assumptions, beliefs, values, ideologies
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Empirical/Evidence-Based Theory
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Using the scientific method to legitimize the knowledge base
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Reflective Practice
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Using practice wisdom instead of evidence-based knowledge
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Reflexive Practice
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A combination of the scientific method and practice wisdom
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Modernist Motto
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"The truth is out there and we shall find it"
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Function of Modernist Analysis
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Provides answers
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Modernist History
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A response to Church dominance and the Enlightenment
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Structuralist Motto
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"There is a contradiction between the pursuit of health and well-being, and the pursuit of capitalism."
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Function of Structural Analysis
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Reveals power
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Structural History
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A response to capitalism and the resultant social inequalities (Marx)
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Post Conventional Motto
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"There is no one answer, and neither should there ever be."
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Function of Postconventional Analysis
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Raises Questions
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Post Conventional History
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The evolution of many social movements
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Critique of Structuralism
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Favours idea that oppressive forces are very strong, therefore people are disempowered
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2 Critiques of Structuralism and Modernism
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Tends towards binaries, overly simplistic analysis
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Colonialism
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The conquest by a dominant group and subsequent control by the settlers and descents of that group over the original inhabitants land and resources, through the use of force and systemic displacement
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Decolonization/Postcolonialism
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The contestations of, and struggles against colonial domination and the legacies of colonialism; a political project designed to dismantle white supremacy, settler colonialism, and capitalism
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White Settler Society
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Uses violence in an attempt to suppress any serious threat to the colonial order; the land must be viewed as terra null (vacant/deserted)
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Whiteness (Frankenberg)
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Location of structural advantage, a viewpoint, an unnamed set of cultural practices
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Privilege
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Unearned structural advantage over a group of people
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4 Principles of Aboriginal Social Work
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Harm reduction, non-interference, unsettling dominant power relations, self-reflection
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Social Works Role in Colonization
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Reserve system, denying access to services or needs, residential schools, eugenics, child abuse, erasure of Two-Spirit people, deeming Indigenous communities unfit to raise their own children
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Problem-Solving Approaches
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An umbrella term for practice theories that are seen as cost-efficient, collaborative, highly structured, and time-limited (Highly modernist and quantifiable)
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Where are problem-solving approaches most useful?
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In acute situations where there is a need for immediate action
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History of Problem-Solving Approaches
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Post-War economic boom, a desire for increased efficiency, the rise of neoliberalism
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2 Benefits of Problem-Solving Approaches
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Low-cost, easy to apply and evaluate
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3 Critiques of Problem-Solving Approaches
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Very simplistic, individualizes social problems, it is difficult to develop rapport in short-term therapy
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Task-Centered Approach
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Popular, prominent, and perennial; goal was to develop scientifically valid social work approaches that could be used with interpersonal conflict, social isolation, and inadequate resources, etc.
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8 Principles of Task-Centered Therapy
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Seek mutual clarity, aim for small achievements, focus on the present, promote collaboration, focus on building client capacities, plan for brevity, promote structured approaches to intervention, adopt a scientific approach to evaluation
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5 Steps of Task-Centered Therapy
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Set limits and assess expectation, define target problems, contracting, problem-solving implementation, termination
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3 Critiques of Task Centered Therapy
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Obscures power dynamics, ignores history and social contexts, identifies problems as the fault of the client
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Crisis Intervention
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Time-limited, very structured, goal is to promote growth and to explore client feelings a little bit more than other problem-solving approaches
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Crisis
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When a person faces an obstacle to important life goals that is, for a time, insurmountable by the customary means of problem-solving
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2 Critiques of Crisis Intervention
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Short-lived results, ignores the root of problems
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Solution Focused Therapy
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Time-limited, very structured problem solving approach designed to move to quick outcomes
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Critique of Solution Focused Therapy
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Absolutely does not deal with the systemic causes of a problem
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The Miracle Method (Miller & Burg)
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Service user states a small important change (miracle); SWs the change with positive, specific, concrete, and behavioural language; requires clarity about everything except why (the structural causes)
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Systems Theories
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Focus on person-in-environment analysis, very influential in social work
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2 Practice Assumptions in Systems Theories
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The context for people's lives is out of our control, the "universal subject"
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3 Critiques of Systems Theories
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Ignores macro social structures, tells us how to think about systems but not practice, very individualistic
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First Wave Systems Theory - General Systems Theory
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Used biological terminology, emerged from a yearning for scientific credibility
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Homeostatis
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Search for operating balance
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Feedback
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Talking to service users about how to create stability
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Second Wave Systems Theory - Ecosystems
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The person IS their environment, goal is to improve transactions across systems
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3 Stages of the Life Model Approach (Second Wave - Ecosystems)
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Initial, Ongoing, Ending
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3 Stages of Analysis in Ecomaps
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Micro, meso, macro
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2 Critiques of Ecosystems
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Assumes that all people have the same experiences, assumes there is no interaction between micro-meso-macro levels
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Third Wave Systems Theory - Complex/Chaos Theory
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Systems are much more complex and sensitive than we thought, transactions are linear and changing
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3 Waves of Systems Theories
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General Systems, Ecosystems, Complex/Chaos
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2 Critiques of Complex/Chaos Theory
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Power is not analyzed, advocates for maintenance of the status quo
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Case Management
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An application of the person-in-environment approach, individualistic, aims to improve quality of life
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5 Steps of Case Management
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Assessment, Planning, Connecting, Continued Planning, Monitoring
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Strengths Perspective
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Concentrates on enabling individuals and communities to articulate, and work towards their hopes for the future, rather than seeking to remedy the problems of the past or even the present, “That which you survive makes you stronger”
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Principles of Asset-Based Community Development (Kretzmann & McKnight)
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Change must begin inside the community, change must build on existing capacities, change is essentially relationship driven, change should aim for sustainable community growth
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3 Critiques of Asset-Based Community Development
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Risks leaving critical/structural problem unchallenged, lets the state off the hook, leaves people in communities to fend for themselves
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History of Strengths Perspective
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Born from consumer responses who wanted more empowerment; the rise of neoliberalism
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4 Practice Assumptions of the Strengths Perspective
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All people have strengths, people are resilient, users can decide what's best for them, focus should be on strengths
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4 Principles of Strengths Perspective
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Be optimistic, focus on assets, collaborate, work towards long-term empowerment
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4 Critiques of Strengths Perspective
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Ignores issues, puts pressure on service user think positively while devaluing their problems, it is a limited approach, DOES NOT LOOK AT THE PAST OR PRESENT
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Evaluation (Oko) - Individualism-Reformist Perspective
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Neoliberalism, values the protection of human rights and promotes the status quo
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Evaluation (Oko) - Socialist-Collectivist Perspective
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Values social justice and collectivity, advocacy, critical analysis
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3 Goals of Critical/AOP
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Aim to understand address social structures, name oppression, and act collectively
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Subtheories in Critical/AOP
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Structural, radical, AOP, anti-racism, feminist, anti-colonial, post conventional approaches
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Critical/AOP History (Baines)
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Reaction to mainstreaming of social work and neoliberalism
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Influences on Critical/AOP
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All critical and radical social work, sociology, social movements, self-reflective psychology, linguistics, culture studies
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Core Assumptions of Critical/AOP
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Multiple oppressions, oppression is tied to power, critical self-reflection, all social work is political, there is no time limit
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Critical/AOP (Healy)
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A form of practice which addresses social divisions and structural inequalities, it embodies a person-centred philosophy, an egalitarian value system and a focus on process and outcome
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Critical/AOP (Benjamin)
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AOP is transformative practice that resists standard practices that support inequities and oppression in multiple ways
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Principles & Practices of Critical/AOP
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Critical self-reflection, critical assessment, empowerment, partnerships, minimal intervention
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Critical/AOP Accountability (Gumbs)
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“May we continue to disagree, may we continue to distinguish our movements by our bases of accountability, may be continue to give different accounts of how we got here and where we are, and may be collaborate but never compromise our visions of where we ought to be”
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2 Tensions in Critical/AOP
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Desire to eradicate oppression vs. the desire to recognize unique experiences of oppression, needing to "hold your group" can sometimes cause us to miss opportunities to make change
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5 Critiques of Critical/AOP
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Sometimes minimal intervention is not possible, "us" and "them" categories are polarized, may replicate oppression by tokenizing, collective solutions can hide individual needs, privileging resistance makes so-called "passivity" a problem
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Prejudice
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An irrational feeling of dislike for a person or group of persons, usually based on a stereotype. It is possible to be prejudiced but still be fair if you’re careful not to act on your irrational dislike. It is better to have prejudices AND BE AWARE of them than to try to hide them away.
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Discrimination
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Takes place the moment a person acts on prejudice. This describes those moments when one individual decides not to treat someone fairly.
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Systems
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A combination of social power, institutional power (including policies and practices), cultural messages, discourses and individual actions
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Racialization
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The social processes by which individuals come to be raced. When someone is understood by society to be non-White, they can be said to be a racialized person.
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Microaggression
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All the subtle, covert and often unconscious acts of racism, sexism and or heterosexism that on the surface might appear innocuous or not harmful.
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Whiteness
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A system of beliefs, assumptions, discourses, and practices that establish and maintain White culture and the norm and the centre of power. Today, Whiteness maintains itself through the power to define the subject while remaining undefined itself.
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Whiteness as Property (Harris)
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Whiteness is best thought of as a form of property because it provides material and symbolic privilege to those people who are marked as white, those who can pass as white, and those she refers to as honorary whites
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History of Critical Race Theory
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Reaction to neoliberalism/Reaganism, developed by progressive Black lawyers
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5 Principles of Critical Race Theory
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Legal systems normalize racism, skepticism towards claimed neutrality, context and history are important, White people will only advance the interests of people of colour when they also benefit, we should privilege the experiences of people of colour
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1 Assumption of Critical Race Theory
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Racism is embedded in our society, practices, and structures
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Feminist Approaches
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Focus may be gender- PLUS inequality, oppression, the body, reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, language, equal pay, sexual harassment, discrimination, sexual violence, etc.
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History of Feminism
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Began during slavery abolution with suffragist movements
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1 Critique of Feminism
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Predominantly associated with Western, middle-class, white academia
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Feminism - First Wave
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Only achieved broad rights for White women
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Feminism - Second Wave
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Focus on revolutionary social change, rape, pornography and social movement
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Maxism & Socialist Feminism
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Oppression of women is linked to capitalist/private property system
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2 Critiques of Second Wave Feminism
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Still a white women's movement, got pushback from sex workers/queer porn/feminist porn
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Feminism - Third Wave
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Characterized by divisions within the feminist movement, picked up postconventional approaches
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Third Wave Feminism - Cultural Feminism
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Focuses on building women's culture and spaces
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Third Wave Feminism - Eco Feminism
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Patriarchal society exploits the earth as it does women
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Third Wave Feminism - Post Structural
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Postmodern feminism, extend analysis to discourse, gender performativity, and queer theory
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Third Wave Feminism - Liberal Feminism
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Promotes the status quo by aiming to integrate women into the existing social structure
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Third Wave Feminism - Black Feminism
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Highlights the intersecting oppressions of gender and race
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3 Principles of Feminism
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Multiple meanings, importance of historical and social context, recognize contradictions
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4 Assumptions of Feminist Practice
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Non-heirarchical relationships are important, process is important, personal experiences must be recognized and voiced, the personal is political
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Feminist Health Policy (Munch)
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Challenged sexism in racism, worked for more body-control through consciousness raising and reproductive rights work
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Feminist Group Work (Black)
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Groups provide mini-communities and counter-culture spaces for women to safely explore issues and raise consciousness
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1st Wave Feminism - Susan B. Anthony
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“Men- their rights and nothing more, [for] women- their rights and nothing less.”
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2nd Wave Feminism - Anthony Dworkin
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“Feminists are often asked whether pornography causes rape… politically, socially, sexually, economically, rape and prostitution generated pornography; and pornography depends on its continued existence on the rape and prostitution of women.”
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2nd Wave Feminism - Gloria Steinem
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“The first problem for all of us, men and women, is not to learn, but to unlearn.”
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Black Feminists - Sojourner Truth
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An American abolitionist
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Black Feminists - Audre Lorde
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“I am a Black Feminist. I mean I recognize that my power as well as my power as well as my primary oppressions come as a result of my blackness as well as my womaness, and therefore my struggles on both of those fronts are inseparable.”
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Black Feminists - Angela David
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Renowned educator, activist, author and professor of History of Consciousness and Feminist Studies at UCSC, discussed the use of violence
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Black Feminists - bell hooks
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Brings to our attention many black feminist concerns, including: racism, the social production of race through representation, the politics of difference, how to reconstruct black masculinities, and whiteness
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3rd Wave Feminism - Judith Butler
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“Gender is a performance, it is what you do at particular times, rather than a universal who you are.”
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Postmodernism
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Takes issue with reason, linearity, binaries and progress at the heart of modernism
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Postmodern Origin
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Architecture
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Postmodern Thinkers
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Lyotard, Delueze
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Poststructuralism
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Takes issue with modernism plus language, power, and discourse
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Poststructural Origin
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Linguistics
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Poststructural Thinkers
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Foucault
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Postcolonialism
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Takes issue with modernism, language, power, discourse, AND the notion of "third world nations" and the effects of colonialism
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Postcolonial Origin
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Literature
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Postcolonial Thinkers
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Said, Spivak
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Key Ideas in Postconventionalism
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Subjectivity, power, discourse, discourse analysis, attention to narrative
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Subjectivity
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A shift away from “identity” which is seen as too fixed; we all have multiple selves that may change, conflict and be “under production”
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Power
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We are always powerful AND powerless at the same time; power is exercised rather than possessed; not only repressive but productive; can be analysed as coming from bottom-up
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Discourse
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A collection of words, practices and rules, always have effects- some dominant and some subjugated, create power and new knowledge particularly what “counts” as truth or what is “sayable”, and produces our sense of ourselves and the social relationship around us
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Discourse Analysis
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How to identify and deconstruct a discourse by undermining oppositions- normal/abnormal, male/female, expert/client (Derrida)
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Attention to Narratives
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Local, detailed stories that can be changed and re-constructed
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Social Regulation (Foucault)
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Discourses operate to encourage and persuade us to shape ourselves to fit the state
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Narrative Therapy
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Putting discourse analysis into practice
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4 Steps of Narrative Therapy
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Externalize the problem, tell alternate/good stories, build a supportive team, thicken the thread/build an alternative case
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Why does gender matter?
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You may have heterosexual or cisgendered privilege and therefore need to be critically self-reflective
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Queer (Willis)
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This word has been reclaimed both as an umbrella term and as a body of critical theory (Willis, 2007, p.183).
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Trans (Burge)
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Umbrella term applicable to a range of individuals who express their gender in non-traditional or non-normative ways. Trans people find their sense of self to be in conflict with their assigned gender role (Burge, 2007, p.244).
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Intersex
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People whose bodies, reproductive systems, chromosomes and hormones are not easily characterized as male or female
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Genderqueer (Boston Womens)
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Someone who blurs, rejects or otherwise transgresses gender norms; also used as a term for someone who rejects the two-gender system (Boston Women’s Health Collective, 2011)
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Two Spirit (Meyer-Cook & Labelle)
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A generic term that was adopted in order to provide a modern means of regrouping Aboriginal people with other gender and sexuality identification, as well as to reawaken the spiritual role these people are meant to play in their communities. Being Two-Spirited is not predominantly a description of one’s sexual orientation, but rather one of gender identity and spiritual role within Aboriginal communities (Meyer-Cook and Labelle, 2004, p.31).
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On the Front Lines - Gosine & Pon
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Affects of microaggression on racialized SERVICE PROVIDERS: glass ceiling, lack of respect, feeling silenced, lack of appreciation
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Whiteness in the Education System - Duhaney
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Caused by underrepresentation, high expectations to counter stereotypes. Education fails black students. Eurocentric evaluation of intelligence.
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Straightening Hair - hooks
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Straightening hair is a sign of white supremacy .
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Poststructural Child Protection - Todd & Burns, 4 Concepts
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Uncertainty, deconstruction, power, bodily knowledge
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Todd & Burns - Uncertainty
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We must work without making assumptions about the service user's world
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Todd & Burns - Deconstruction
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Attending to the doubts and contradictions of language
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Todd & Burns - Power
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Power is attached to individuals, communities, and families- not just institutions and identities
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Todd & Burns - Bodily Knowledge
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We must consider how emotions shape individual and collective bodies
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Queer Eye - Willis
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Queer theory (via narrative therapy) must deconstruct dominant models of sexuality and gender
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Bending Gender - Burdge
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Gender is socially constructed, social workers must destroy gender binaries, we should work to empower trans service users
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