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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Difference in length b/w geodetic and plane survey |
10 cm in 18.2 km |
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As per American surveyors geodetic survey require if |
Area more than 100sq mile (260km2) |
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Principle of surveying |
Work whole to part Fix new station |
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RF |
Representative factor = ( drawing length /actual length) |
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Plane scale |
Only two dimensions |
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Diagonal scale |
3 dimensions |
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Comparative scale |
Common representive factor |
Measurements can be directly taken from map |
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Shrinkage factor |
The ratio of shrunk length to true length SF < 1 |
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Scale of chords |
Used to measure angles |
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1 engineers chain |
100ft |
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Metric chain length & links |
20m -100 links , 30m -150 links |
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Length of one link in chain |
20c.m |
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Permissible error in 20m chain &30m chain |
5mm &8mm |
Metric chains |
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EDMs in survey? |
Electronic Distance Measuring equipment |
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Trailetaration |
Process of measuring sides of a triangle with the help of EDMs |
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Instruments which measure Vertical distance and angle? |
Theodolite , sextant , total station, Tacheometer |
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Shrunk scale = |
Original scale x SF |
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Corrected distance , area using SF |
CD=MD / SF CA=MA / SF^2 |
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Error due to wrong scale |
CD=MD x (RF of WS / RF CS) CA=MA x (RF of WS / RF CS)^2 |
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Baseline? |
Longest line laid through middle of the field in chain survey |
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Offsets |
Lateral distance measured from base line |
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Standard temperature and allowable pull in chain |
20deg , 8 kg |
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Type of chains and length(4 types) |
Metric chain 20m &30m Gunters chain 66ft , 100 links ( surveyors chain) Revenue chain 33 ft ,16 links Engineers chain 100ft 100 links |
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Invar tapes are made from |
Nickel 36% Steel 64% |
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Cross staff type (3 types) |
Open type 90° French type 45° & 90° Adjustable 15° intervals |
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Error due to incorrect chaining corrected length , A & V |
L' =L(1+e), A' =A(1+2e) V' =V(1+3e) |
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Hypotenuse allowawance in chain survey |
chain length x Sec theta-1 |
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Correction for slope (Tape correction) |
Ca =(L -squrt(L^2 -h^2)=h^2 /2L Always negative |
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Correction for miss alignment |
Cma =( d^2 /2 L 1 )+ ( d^2 /2 L 2 ) Always negative |
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Correction for temperature |
Ct = Lx alpha x (Tm-To) Ct is +ve if Tm > To Ct is -ve if Tm < To |
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Correction for pull |
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Sag correction formula. |
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Correction for sag if supports at different level |
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Correction for normal tension |
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Correction for MSL |
Cmsl =Lh/R R=6370km C -ve if obj above MSL C +ve if obj below MSL |
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Obstacle to chaining but not ranging |
Pond , river |
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True meridian? |
Point of a grade circle passing through the geographical north and south pole of earth surface |
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Magnetic meridian? |
It is the direction shown by a magnetic north when it is freely suspended |
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Systems of bearing. |
Whole circle bearing(Azimuthal system) Quadrantal (or) Reduced Bearing system |
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Back bearing and Fore bearing relation |
BB = FB (+ or -)180 |
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Prismatic compass & surveyors compass difference. |
P.C - Whole circle bearing system SC- QB system followed |
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Temporary adjustment of compass suvey includes |
Centering , levelling & focusing the prism |
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Magnetic declination |
Horizontal angle between True meridian and magnetic meridian |
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Isogonic lines |
Line joining point of same declination. |
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Agonic lines |
Line joining point of zero declination |
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Dip? |
Vertical inclination of magnetic needle with horizontal plane . Zero at the equator 90 at S& N magnetic poles |
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Plane table survey is suitable for |
1, Traverse surveying ( plotting and measurements can be done simultaneously) 2. Can be used for areas which are affected by local attraction. |
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Temporary adjustment of plane table |
Fixing , Levelling , centering & orientation. |
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Method of plane Tabling |
Radiation method Intersection method Traversing Resection |
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Temporary adjustment in compass survey |
Centering, levelling & focusing the prism |
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Station ? |
Location of levelling staff |
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Height of instrument? |
Reduced level of line of sight. |
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Line of sight |
It is imaginary line passing through the centre of objective and intersection of cross hairs |
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Check for HI method |
Sum of (BS )- sum of (FS) = Last RL - First RL |
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Rise and fall method check |
Sum of (BS) - sum of (FS) = Sum of ( Rise ) - sum of (Fall) Superior method because it varifies IS |
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Error due to line of collimation |
y = D x tan (alpha) |
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Correction for curvature ( - ve) |
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Correction for refration (+ve) |
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Combined correction |
C= Cc + CR = - .06735d^2 |
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Distance to visible Horizon |
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Profile levelling. |
Profile levelling is used to locate the centre line of path. |
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Reciprocal Levelling.Diifference in level between two points. |
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Total error in reciprocal levelling |
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Sensitivity of bubble tube |
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Contour lines |
Imaginary line passing through points of same elevation. |
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Contour interval |
RL difference between two adjacent contours .it is constant for a map |
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Contour interval and scale relation. |
Inversely proportional |
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Horizontal equivalent in contour. |
Horizontal distance between any two points on two consecutive contour. |
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Contour Gradient (CG) |
It is a line laying on ground surface and maintain a constant inclination to horizontal surface. CG =( contour interval/ Horizontal equivalent ) |
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Grade contours. |
Lines having equal Gradient along slope |
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1 hectare |
10, 000 m^2 |
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1 Acre = |
4046.7 m^2 |
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Mid ordinate method. |
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Average ordinate method |
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Trapezoidal Rule |
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Simpson's Rule |
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Latitude of a line |
L x cos theta |
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Departure |
L x sin theta |
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Abney level usage? |
It is used for measurement of difference in level and tracing contour. |
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Abney clinometer |
It is used for measurement of slopes and setting grades. |
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Tangential clinometer |
To find RL difference by measuring through inclined line of sight. |
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Ceylon Ghat tracer |
It is used for measuring slopes and especially setting grades. |
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Pantagraph |
It is used for reproducing , enlarging & reducing the maps |
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Sextant |
Used for measurement of horizontal and vertical angles. |
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Mining Dial |
It is the combination of theodolite and prismatic compass and used for mining survey. |
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Planimeter |
Used for measurement of area on the plan. |
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Stream gauge |
Used to measure discharge of stream |
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Telleurometer |
It is a microwave EDM used for linear measurement. |
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Heliograph |
It is used as a sun signal in triangulation survey. |
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Fathometer |
Used to measure the depth of ocean. |
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Altimeter |
Height measuring equipment. |
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Tide gauge |
To determine water level and it's variation. |
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Distomat |
EDM used for accurate linear measurement |
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Britons compass |
Combination of prismatic compass and clinometer used for measurement of bearing and vertical angle. |
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Eideo graph |
Improved version of pantagraph |
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Theodolite usage |
Used for measurement of horizontal and vertical angle directly |
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Transiting / plunging / Reversing |
It is the process of rotating the telescope in a vertical plane about horizontal axis. |
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Size of a theodolite. |
Size of theodolite is the dia. of main horizontal graduated circle.Generally 80 mm to 120 mm |
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Temporary adjustment of theodolite. |
Setting Centering Levelling Elimination of parallax |
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Sign convention of Latitude and departure. |
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For a closed travers L & D condition |
Sum of L = 0 Sum of D =0 |
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permanaent adjust ment of theodolite |
Plate level test- To make the plate bubble centre to their run. Cross hair ring test -To make the vertical cross hair lie in a plane perpendicular to horizontal axis Azimuth test- To make LOS per to horizontal axis. Spire test - To make horizontal axis per Vertical axis |
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Closing error |
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Angle of mis closure |
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Fixed stadia method k value and beta value. |
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Tacheometer distance formula with LOS horizontal |
D=ks + c K- multiplicative const.=f/i S- staff intercept C- additive const= f+d f - focal length d-distace b/w optical centre and centre of instrument. |
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Distance and elevation formula - LOS inclined and staff vertical |
D= KS cos^2 @+ C cos @ V= (KS/2) sin 2 @ + C sin@ |
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D & V when staff held normal to LOS |
D= (KS + C) cos @ + r sin @ V= (KS + C) sin @ |
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Movable hair method |
D= (k/m ) S + C i = mp P- pitch of micrometre screw m - no of rotations |
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Omni meter |
It is a special Tacheometer invented by Eckhold and used for tangential method of tacheometry. |
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For 30m arc , Radius equals. |
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Setting out a curve offset from long chord |
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Setting out a curve perpendicular offset from tangent |
O1 =( x^2 / 2R) |
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Setting out a curve - off sets from chords produced |
On = (Cn / 2R) x (Cn-1 + Cn) |
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Setting out a curve- Rankin's method of deflection angles or method of tangential angles |
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Best suited vertical curves. |
Parabola or circular arc |
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Length of vertical curve |
L=( g1-g2)/r r-Rate of change of grade |
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Heights are found by temp diff. |
Hypsometry |
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Yard to cm |
1 yard =91.44cm |
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Inch to foot |
12 inch = 1 foot |
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Feet to yard |
3 feet = 1 yard |
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Pole to gunters chain Gunters chain to furlong Furlong to mile |
4 pole - 1 Gunters chain 10 Gunters chain- 1 furlong 8 furlong- 1 mile |
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Cent to m2 Are to m2 |
1 cent -40.42 m2 1 are -100m2 |
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1 pacing approx .? Allowable error? |
1 pacing -80cm Allowable error - (1/100) |
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Passometer and pedometer |
Passometer- it will count the number of steps and we have to calculate the distance. Pedometer- Directly gives the distance ( No of steps x pace length) |
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Odometer |
It is fitted on the wheel of a slow moving vehicle and gives the number of cycles the wheel rotates |
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Perambulator |
Improved version of odometer , it will directly show the distance |
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Ranging? |
It is the operation of establishing instrument points between two terminal stations. |
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For direct and indirect ranging minimum ranging rods required? |
Direct -3 nos Indirect -4nos |
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Accuracy of chainings 4 conditions |
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Chaining on a slopping ground 2 methods
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1, Direct method or stepping method (crude method) 2,Indirect method |
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Slope correction using height diff |
Slope correction=- h2 /2L |
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Relation of cumulative error and compensatary error with chain length |
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Use of tie line |
To avoid long offsets Also serves as a check line |
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Long offsets |
Length greater than 15m |
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Error due to miss alignment |
D2/2L |
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Field book size |
20 x 12 cm |
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Open cross staff |
Height 1.2 to 1.5 Used to set 90deg |
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French cross staff |
Octagonal prism Used to set 45 & 90 deg |
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Optical square |
Used to measure 90deg. Angle b/w hor. Sight and hor. mirror-120deg.. Angle b/w index sight and mirror-105 |
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For area measurement error in angles |
1'' for 195.5km2 |
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Error due to incorrect ranging |
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Principle of optical square |
Reflection or double refraction |
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Least count for microptic theodolite and vernier theodolite |
Micro-1" and vernier -20" |
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Transit theodolite.Trunion axis & azimuth |
With telescope that can rotate in a vertical plane about horizontal axis Horizontal axis -Trunion axis Vertical axis- azimuth |
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Size of theodolite means |
Diameter of lower plate |
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Lower and upperclampong screws attached to? |
Lower clamp screw or lower plate -outer axis Upper clamp screw or vernier or upper plate -inner axis |
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Face right and face left observationa |
Vernier scale is right of the observor. |
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Transiting ? Swinging |
Swinging- Rotating telescope in horizontal plane about vertical axis. Transiting-Rotating telescope in a vertical plane about horizontal axis. |
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Telescope normal condition and telescope direct condition |
Telescope normal-Face left and bubble up condition Telescope direct-Face right and bubble down condition. |
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External focusing telescope |
Object lens moves and focus the object |
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Internal focusing telescope |
An additional double concave lens provided for focussing |
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Stadia diaphram |
Diaphram with 3 horizontal cross hairs |
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Line of collimation and axis of telescope |
Line of collimation - Line joining centre of cross hairs and optical centre and it's prolongation. Axis of telescope - Line joining eyepiece centre and optic centre |
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Collimation error. |
When bubble is centre but pine of collimation is not parallel to bubble axis |
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Spherical abration |
Due to excess sphericity Image formed in multiple points Not a serious defect |
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Chromatic abration |
Dispersion of white light It is a serious issue Chromatic lenses ( compound lens - covex+ concave ) used to avoid this |
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Objective lens properties |
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Eyepiece properties |
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Parallex |
Apparant movement of image w.r.t cross hairs to eliminate this focusing of objective and eyepiece are required. |
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Types of eyepiece (2 types) and it's characteristics |
1)+ve /Non erecting/Rampson/inverting - Free from spherical abration but not free from chromatic abration. -two plano convex lenses - it will give inverted image ( same as seen on diaphram) 2, Erecting type -4 plano convex lens. -Length is more -Invert the diaphram images
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Aplatism , Achromatism, Definition Illumination, size field ,Magnification |
1,Aplatism - absence of spherical abration. 2,Achromatism- Absence of chromatic abration 3,Definition-Ability to produce sharp image 4, Illumination- Ability to produce bright image 5,Size field - Circular area which can be seen 6,Magnification - (f obj/ f eye piece) |
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Deflection angle |
-Angle made by prolongation of previous line to the following line. -Range 0 to 180 deg - used in pen traverse. |
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Sum of deflection angle of a closed traverse |
360 d g |
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Method of repetition |
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Reiteration method/method of series |
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Balancing of traverse methods |
1,Bowditch rule 2, Transit rule 3, 3rd rule |
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Bowditch /compass rule |
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Transit rule |
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3rd rule |
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Balancing in and linning in |
Balancing in- Indirect ranging using a theodolite Linning in- Direct ranging using a theodolite. |
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Calculation of area of a traverse using coordinates |
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Meridian distance |
Distance of centre of a line to meridian |
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Double meridial distance |
Sum of distance of end point of a line from meridian |
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Trapezoid rule for area calculation |
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Simpson rule area calculation |
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Prismoidal correction |
Difference in area calculated using Simpsons rule and Trapezoidal rule It will be always negative |
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Fixed hair method |
Stadia intercept is kept constant |
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Multiplying and additive constants |
Multiplying const, k= ( f/i ) Additive constant,C= f+d f- focus of objective lens i- Stadia intercept d-distance from optical centre to centre of instrument |
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Analytic lens ? |
To make k as 100 and C as zero external focussing telescope one external convex lens is used which is called analytic lens. |
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LOC is inclined and staff held verical |
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LOC is inclined and staff held normal to LOC |
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Tangential method or moving hair method |
Measuring distance using theodolite |
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Tangential method - Both angles are on elevation |
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Tangential method - Both angles are angles of depression |
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Tangential method - one angle is angle of elevation a d other angle of depression. |
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Evolute |
Locus of centres of transition curve |
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Transition curves used in railways |
Cubic parabola. Clothoid/Spiral |
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Transition curve used in highways |
Laminascale |
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Alidade is mad of |
Brass |
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Methods of plane table |
1,Radiation 2,Intersection or Graphical triangulation method 3,Traversing 4, Resection |
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Traversing methods |
1, chain angle method 2,Free or loose needle method-compass survey 3,Fast needle method- using theodolite 4, Direct measurment of angle |
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Prismatic compass |
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Surveyors compass |
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Level surface |
Surface parallel to earth curvature eg: Still water surface |
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Vertical line or plumb line |
Line perpendicular to level surface |
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Reversible and non reversible levelling instruments |
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Capston headed nuts |
To adjust level of bubble tube in dumpy level |
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Least count in levellimg staff |
5mm |
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GTS |
Great trignetruc survey -For establish BM with high precision |
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Curvature correction value , nature of error |
Cc (in m)= 0.0785 D^2, D in km |
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Refraction correction |
Cr= 0.0112 D^2 |
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Combined correction |
Ccomb = 0.0673 D^2 |
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Allowable error for levelling |
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Classification of levelling |
5,profile levelling/Longitudinal levelling 6,Cross sectioning 7,Barometric levelling - Level difference base on atmospheric pressure 8,Hypsometry -Level diff based on boiling point of water 9,Trignometric levelling |
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Generally used contour intervals |
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Boning in ? |
Method to set bed slope for canal and drains |
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Box sextant |
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Cyclon ghat tracer |
To establish contour gradient |
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Edigraph |
Instrument used to enlarge a plan |
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Centre of celestial sphere |
Observor |
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Zenith and Nadir |
Zenith - A point on celestial sphere directly above observer Nadir -A point on a celestial sphere below observer |
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Celestial horizon /True horizon / Rational horizon /Geometric horizon |
A great circle passing perpendicular to Zenith and nadir |
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Celestial pole , Terestrial pole |
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Sensible horizon |
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Visible horizon |
A plane where line of sight and object lies |
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Vertical circle |
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Observers meridian |
A circle passing through Zenith ,Nadir and celestial poles |
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Prime vertical |
A circle perpendicular to observors meridian |
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Latitude ( advanced survey) |
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Altitude |
Zenith distance - Co altitude |
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Declination(celestial) |
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Hour circle |
Same as declination circle but without a celestial body |
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Azimuth in advanced aurvey |
Angle between observors meridian and vertical circle |
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Hour angle |
Angle between observors meridian and declination circle |
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Points based on sun position |
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Size off plane table |
600* 750mm |
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Three point problem methods |
1,Mechanical or Tracing sheet method 2,Graphical Method ( Besseles method) 3,Trial and error method-Most accurate method (using leemans method) |
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Spherical excesa |
Difference between sum of internal angle of astronomical triangle and normal triangle |
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