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61 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Statistics analysis of poll sample |
A statistical analysis of answers to a poll of sample of a population For example To determine opinion Preferences Knowledge |
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2 |
A method of gathering information from a sample of individual |
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3 |
A powerful,scientific tool for gathering accurate and useful information |
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Gathering information Asking questions Sample of population |
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Census |
Any count Any systematic count or survey |
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Count of population |
An official count of population carried out at set intervals |
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Sample |
Statistics group selected for testing A representative selection of population that is examined to gain statistical information about the whole |
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Random |
Statistics equally likely Relating or belonging to a set in which all the members have the same probability of occurance |
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Surveys are related to |
Sampling Interviewing Threats of validity Ethics |
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Sampling |
From whom/where we are getting information |
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Interviewing |
How are we getting the information? |
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Threats of validity |
What affect the validity of results? |
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Ethics |
Respect people opinion and confidential results |
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Who may conduct a survey? |
Economist Psychologist Health professional Political scientist |
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To study matter |
Income Expenditure patterns among household The root of ethnic or racial prejudice The implications of health problems on people life Comparative voting behaviour The effects on family life of women working outside the home |
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Requirements for accurate estimates How to get accurate results |
1-Sample is large enough to yield the desired level of precision 2-Every one in population has an equal 3-chance of being selected for sample Questions are asked in ways that enable the people in the sample to respond willingly and accurately. 4-The characteristics of people selected in the sampling process but who do not participate in the survey are similar to the characteristics of those who do |
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Classification of survey |
1-By size(Social,community,school surveys) 2-By result type (quantitative, qualitative) 3-Time and population |
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Types of survey |
1-Descriptive surveys 2-Analytical surveys |
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Descriptive surveys |
Use to gather information largely What people think or do Researcher might use this type of survey to find What young people think about drugs? What drugs they might use? and what frequency? |
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Analytical surveys |
Use to answer questions Test hypothesis a researcher might collect data from general population with detailed information Health habits Diet Excercise Smoking This information might be then used to make prediction concerning the state of health of the population at some future date For example The amount of heart diseases in a population ten years hence,based on this sort of data |
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Focus group |
*Provide qualitative information *A wide range of information can be gathered in a relative short time span *The moderator can explore related topic *Do not require complex sampling technique *The sample is neither random nor representative of population *The quality of data is influenced by the skills of moderator *Low researcher to use actual words and behaviours of the participant than counting response option *The analysis is truly qualitative |
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Types of surveys |
*Crossectional surveys *Longitudinal surveys |
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Longitudinal survey |
Information is collected and different point in time in order to study changes in time Trend study Cohort study Panel study |
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Trend study |
Members of the population can change, sample many times our different point of time to see if any trend appears Example Researcher might be interested in the attitude of high School principals toward the use of flexible scheduleing Population: High school principals in Brevard country Instrument:Questionnaire Number of sample:3 in a school year |
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Cohort study |
Members of population do not change,but may be members surveyed change The CS department of FIT wants to know the importance of teaching OO methodologies and languages Population:CS graduates Instrument:Questionnaire Number of sample:2 in a year |
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Panel study |
Always survey the same sample for example At the beginning of the year and advance math program is implemented for 4th grade students the principle things that students attending this programs are going to be able to solve great problems in less time and more accurately then those who attend the regular program Population :is all 4th day student of a specific elementary School Instrument :is math problems Number of samples: 3 in a year use the same sample always |
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Advantages of cross sectional studies |
All information collected at once |
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Advantage of trends study |
Members of population can change our time without affecting the result |
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Disadvantage of trend study |
Note to analyse particular individuals but groups |
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Advantage of co-hort study |
It is possible the selection of different samples |
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Disadvantage of cohead study |
Members of population cannot change |
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Advantage of panel studies |
Sam sample always |
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Disadvantage of panel studies |
Loss of individuals could happen |
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What are the steps of survey research |
Number one state the objectives of survey Number to define the target population Define the data to be collected Define the required precision and accuracy Define the measurement instrument Define the sample frame sample size and sampling method Select the sample Collect the data Data analysis Results |
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1-state the objectives of survey |
You have to define specifically the problem you are trying to solve. If you cannot state the objective of the survey you are unlikely to generate and eisable results. You have to formulate something quite detailed, perhaps organised around a clear statement of testable hypothesis. Clarifying the aims of the survey is critical to its ultimate success. |
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2-define the target population |
Defining the target population can be relatively simple especially for finite populations. However it may be more difficult to define what constitutes natural membership of the population in case in that case arbitrary decisions have to be made The process of defining the population is quite different when dealing with continuous phenomena. As you will see, it is still possible to define a sample size A1 if you don't know the proportion of the population that the sample represents. |
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3-Define data to be collected |
What information you need to solve a problem? Prepare hypothetical tables of results. They help us to separate need to know than nice to know. Focus group can help to find out what questions to ask in a survey. But they cannot substitute surveys. |
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4-define the required precision and accuracy |
The most subjective stage is defining the precision with which the data should be collected. Strictly speaking, the precision can only be correctly estimated if we conduct a census. The precision provided by a sample survey is an estimate titness of the range of estimate the population characteristic provided by various sample. |
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When we estimate a population value from sample |
We can only workout how accurate the sample estimate if we actually know the correct value. Which we really rarely do But we can estimate the likely accuracy |
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We need to design and select the sample in what way |
We need to design and select the sample in such a way that we obtain result that have acceptable precision and accuracy. |
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6-define the measurement instrument |
The measurement instrument is the method interview observation questionnaire by which the survey data is generated |
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How to produce the useful information |
The ideas that motivated the survey must be translated into good questions. |
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Define what kind of information |
Clarify what kind of information you are looking for What people do or what they are: there behaviour or attributes *What people say they want or what they think is true Their attitudes or beliefs |
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Analyse the different ways of communication |
Visual Hear telephone All forms face to face interview |
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Kinds of questions structures How many kinds of questions structures are there |
Open ended Closed ended with order choices Closed ended with unordered response choices Partially closed ended |
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White rose and effective questionaires should follow |
It should be brief as possible The information ask for must be otherwise unaccessible to the investigator. The subject enquired about must not be trivial 1 but must have the importance enough to justify the time and the effort involved. The questions must be obtaining factual data rather than opinions impressions and estimates The wording of every item must be understandable and familiar in order to ensure the respondents comprehension of what is being asked. For the same reason the items should be arrange in a neat and logical order. The question should be conveniently planned and set up to take a minimum of the respondents time. Clear instructions must be included as to the way the answers are to be indicated. |
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6-define the sample frame sample size and sampling method |
The sample frame is the list of people that make up the target population: It is the list of individual who made the requirement to be a member of that population. |
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Sample size |
The sample is selected from the sample frame by specifying the sample size Otherwise as a finite number or as a proportion of the population |
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Sampling method |
The sampling method is a process by which we choose the members of the sample |
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7-Select the sample |
The sample is selected using the sample frame define from the sample frame by specifying the sample size |
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What process of generating a sample requires |
The process of generating a sample required several critical decisions to be made. Mistakes at this stage will compromise and possibly invalid the entire survey. These decisions are concerned with the sample frame the sample size sampling method |
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What could be the types of errors in survey research |
Coverage error Sampling error measurement error non response error |
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What is coverage error |
Then all elements of the population are not included in the sample |
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What is sampling error |
When researcher survey only a subset or sample of all people in the population instead of conducting a censes |
JB sampling ma Galti ho |
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Measurement error |
When are responded answer to a giving question is an accurate imprecise or cannot be compared in any user way to other responded answer |
JB respondent galat jawab da |
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Non response error |
When significant number of people in the service sample do not response to the questionnaire and are different from those who do in a way that is important to the study. |
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8-collect the data |
Telephone survey direct administration to group personal interview mail interview survey |
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Pros and cons of different models of data collection |
Comparative cost facilities needed required training of questionnai data collection time response rate group administration possible allow of random sampling required literates sample permit fellow of question encourage response to sensitive topics stand arrization of response |
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Data analysis |
Clean the question Code the question years Closed ended question open ended questions partially closed ended question missing data beside which statistics are most useful to you interpretation look for results that matter |
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Results |
Abstract or executive summary problem statement methods and procedures error structure finding implication appendices |
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Non response |
Why is this a problem those that do not respond will very lightly differ from the respondents with regards to answer to the survey questions Total non response questionaire is missing Item non response sPacific item of the questionnaire is missing |
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