Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
two conditions associated with hemoptysis (one cardiac, one pulmonary)
|
mitral stenosis
pulmonary infarction |
|
|
pulsus alterans is sign of...
|
left ventricular failure
|
|
|
pusus parvus et tardus may be seen with
|
aortic stenosis
|
|
|
Differential of cardiac arrest (6)
|
Myocardial depressants (anesthetics, antiarrhythmics, digitalis)
Conduction disturbances coronary thrombosis anoxia vagotonic maneuvers electrolyte disturbances (MC CAVE) |
|
|
Brain injury results after ... minutes of dec. perfusion
|
3-4
|
|
|
Drug therapy for cardiac arrest includes the following-
epinephrine for... calcium for... sodium bicarb for... vasopressors for... atropine for... |
epi for cardiotonic effect
calcium for cardiotonic effect sodium bicarb to tx acidosis vasopressors to increase BP Atropine to reverse bradycardia |
|
|
during extracorporeal ciculation, how is the mycoardium protected from ischemia (2)
|
hypothermia and cardioplegia
|
|
|
name five pathophysiologic effects of extracorporeal circulation
|
1. inflammatory response (coag cascade, complement activation, fibrolysis, kallikrein-kinin)
2. vasoactive substances released (epi, norepi, H2, bradykinin) 3. Na and H2O retention 4. RBC/platelet trauma 5. respiratory insufficiency |
|
|
___ valves do not require long-term anticoagulation but have 10-30% failure at 10 years
___ valves are durable for a long time but require anticoagulation ___ vavles don't require anticoagulation and have 92% durability at 10 years |
porcine tissue valves
mechanical valves human allograft (cryoperserved) |
|
|
Presenting symptoms of aortic stenosis
|
dyspnea
angina syncope |
|
|
for aortic stenosis...
chest x-ray shows ekg shows echo shows cardiac cath shows |
chest x-ray shows nl heart size
ekg shows LVH echo estimates degree of stenosis cardiac cath measures pressure gradient across valve (tx if >50) |
|
|
water-hammer pulses (2)
|
aortic insufficiency
PDA |
|
|
x-ray of aortic insufficiency
|
left ventricular dilation
|
|
|
class triad of mitral stenosis
|
patient is thin/cachectic with
1. opening snap 2. apical diastolic rumble 3. loud S1 |
|
|
normal cross-sectional area
of mitral valve... with mild stenosis... moderate stenosis... severe stenosis |
nl 4-6 cm2
mild 2-2.5 mod 1.5-2 sev 1-1.5 |
|
|
x-ray of mitral stenosis...
ekg... echo... cardiac cath |
enlarged pulmonary vasculature;may show double density right heart border;
lateral decubitus with barium swallow may show left atrial enlargement ekg may show abnl p-waves echo evaluates valve function cath evaluates pressure gradient and cross-sectional area |
|
|
instead of valve replacement, what can be offered to a patient with mitral stenosis with fusion of commissures and minimal calcification
|
closed or open mitral valve commissurotomy
|
|
|
four causes of mitral insufficiency
|
myxomatous degeneration
papillary muscle dysfunction bacterial endocarditis rheumatic fever |
|
|
x-ray for mitral insufficiency...
ekg... |
x-ray shows enlarged left atrium and ventrilce
ekg show LVH (50% of the time) |
|
|
Three classes of drugs used for medical tx of mitral insufficinecy
|
digitalis
diuretics vasodilators |
|
|
what two options are sought before mitral valve replacement is done
|
annuloplasty and valve repair
|
|
|
which is more common,
functional tricuspid insufficiency (from pulmonary hypertension or right ventricul dilation) or organic tricupsid valve disease (from rheumatic fever) |
functional insufficiency
|
|
|
carcinoid syndrome may effect which valves
|
pulmonic (stenosis)
tricuspid insufficiency |
|
|
Four, that's right, four causes of CAD
|
atherosclerosis
vasculitis trauma radiation injury |
|
|
a coronary artery obstruction is considered clinically significant when diameter is narrowed ...%
|
50%
|
|
|
Two indications for coronary artery bypass. Which vessel is usualyy used
|
1. intractable or unstable angina pectoris
2. angina with (a) triple vessel disease (b) left main coronary artery obstruction (c) proximal LADA obstruction |
|
|
alternative to coronary bypass
|
PTCA- percutaneous transluminal coronary antioplasty
|
|
|
10 year patency for Internal mammary artery grafts?
saphenous vein grafts? |
>90%
50% |
