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54 Cards in this Set

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Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Issues: Judicial review, checks and balances
Decision: First decision to assert judicial review: the power of the Court to interpret the constitutionality of a law.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Issues: Federalism, States' Rights
Decision: Upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax a federal agency.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Issues: Federalism, States' Rights, Interstate Commerce
Decision: Upheld broad congressional power to legislate and regulate commerce between states.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Issues: Federalism, States' Rights; Native American Sovereignty
Decision: Ruled that Georgia had no power to pass laws affecting the Cherokees because federal jurisdiction over the Cherokees was exclusive.
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Issues: Slavery, 5th Amendment, Citizens' Rights
Decision: Ruled that slaves were property, not citizens, and therefore, Dred Scott was not entitled to use the courts.
Munn v. Illinois (1876)
Issues: 5th Amendment, Public Interest; States' Rights
Decision: Upheld an Illinois law regulating railroad rates because the movement of grain was closely related to public interest.
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
Issues: 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause, Racial Discrimination
Decision: Stated that the 14th Amendment only applied to discriminatory actions taken by states, not to discriminatory actions taken by individuals.
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific R.R. v. Illinois (1886)
Issues: Federalism, Interstate Commerce
Decision: Struck down an Illinois law regulating interstate railroad rates, ruling that it infringed on the federal government's exclusive control over interstate commerce.
United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895)
Issues: Sherman Antitrust Act, Federalism, States' Rights
Decision: The Sherman Antitrust Act does not apply to manufacturers located within a single state, because under the 10th Amendment, states have the right to regulate "local activities."
In Re Debs (1895)
Issues: Labor Strikes, Interstate Commerce
Decision: Ruled that the federal government had the authority to halt a railroad strike because it interfered with interstate commerce and delivery of the mail.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Issues: Segregation, 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause
Decision: Permitted segregated facilities, arguing that separate but equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
Issues: Immigration, citizenship, 14th Amendment
Decision: Affirmed that under the 14th Amendment, all persons born in the United States are citizens of the United States.
Northern Securities Co. v United States (1904)
Issues: Sherman Antitrust Act, Interstate Commerce
Decision: Sherman Antitrust Act could apply to any company that sought to eliminate competition in interstate commerce, including companies chartered within a single state.
Lochner v. New York (1905)
Issues: Labor conditions, property rights, 14th Amendment
Decision: Struck down a state law setting a 10-hour day for employees because the law interfered with an employee's right to contract with an employer and violated the protection of liberty guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Issues: Women's rights, Labor Conditions, 14th Amendment
Decision: In a departure from the Lochner case, the Court upheld a state law limiting women's work hours, viewing women as a special class needing special protections.
Standard Oil of New Jersey v. United States (1911)
Issue: Antitrust
Decision: Ruled that Standard Oil was an illegal monopoly and ordered that it be dissolved into smaller, competing companies.
American Tobacco v. United States (1911)
Issue: Antitrust
Decision: Ruled that American Tobacco was an illegal monopoly and ordered that it be dissolved into smaller, competing companies.
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Issues: 1st Amendment freedom of speech, national security
Decision: The Court limited free speech in time of war, reasoning that freedom of speech can be limited if the words present a "clear and present danger" to the country.
Abrams v. United States (1919)
Issues: 1st Amendment freedom of speech, national security
Decision: Upheld the convictions of persons who distributed antigovernment literature in violation of the Espionage Act. But Justices Holmes and Brandeis dissented, urging more stringent protection of the 1st Amendment.
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Issues: 1st Amendment freedom of speech and press, 14th Amendment
Decision: Ruled that freedoms of speech and press were "incorporated" and protected from impairment by the states by the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.
Stromberg v. California (1931)
Issues: 1st Amendment freedom of speech, 14th Amendment
Decision: Overturned an anticommunist law that banned the public display of a red flag. This was the first time the Supreme Court struck down a state law under the 1st Amendment as applied to the states by the 14th Amendment.
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Issues: 1st Amendment freedom of speech, 14th Amendment
Decision: The Supreme Court struck down a Minnesota state law, ruling that it infringed upon freedom of the press, guaranteed by the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.
Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1935)
Issues: New Deal, separation of powers, interstate commerce
Decision: The Court held that Congress, not the President, has the power to regulate interstate commerce. The National Industrial Recovery Act was declared unconstitutional for exceeding the commerce power that the Constitution had given to Congress.
West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937)
Issues: Minimum wage laws, 5th Amendment
Decision: Ruled that the Constitution allowed the restriction of liberty of contract by state law where such restriction protected the community, health, safety, or vulnerable groups.
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Issues: Pledge of Allegiance, 1st Amendment
Decision: The Court found that a state law requiring students to pledge allegiance to the flag violated freedom of speech and freedom of religion.
Hirabayashi v. United States (1943)
Issues: 5th Amendment, civil liberties, national security
Decision: The Supreme Court upheld the legitimacy of travel restrictions imposed on Japanese Americans during World War II.
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Issues: 5th Amendment, civil liberties, national security
Decision: Ruled that the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II did not violate the Constitution.
Dennis v. United States (1951)
Issues: 1st Amendment, civil liberties, national security
Decision: The Court ruled that the Smith Act, which prohibited advocation of the overthrow of the U.S. government by force and violence, did not violate the 1st Amendment.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
Issues: School segregation, 14th Amendment
Decision: The Court found that segregation itself was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause, commenting that "in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place."
Watkins v. United States (1957)
Issues: Rights of the accused, 5th Amendment
Decision: The Bill of Rights is applicable to congressional investigations, as it is to all forms of governmental action.
Yates v. United States (1957)
Issues: 1st Amendment freedom of speech, national security
Decision: Ruled that the Smith Act did not forbid persons from advocating forcible overthrow of the government; it only forbade actions to achieve that goal.
Cooper v. Aaron (1958)
Issues: School segregation, 14th Amendment
Decision: The Court ruled unanimously against the Little Rock School Board's efforts to not comply with the Brown decision.
Mapp. v. Ohio (1961)
Issues: Search and seizure, 4th and 14th Amendments
Decision: Ruled that evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is inadmissible.
Baker v. Carr (1962)
Issues: Legislative reapportionment, 14th Amendment
Decision: Ruled that federal Courts could direct that election-district boundaries be redrawn to ensure citizens' political rights.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Issues: 1st Amendment establishment clause
Decision: Ruled that the recitation of a prayer in a public classroom was a violation of the establishment clause of the 1st Amendment.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Issues: Rights of the accused, 6th and 14th Amendments
Decision: The Court said that all states must provide an attorney in all felony and capital cases for people who cannot afford one themselves.
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
Issues: Legislative reapportionment, 14th Amendment
Decision: Extended the one-person, one-vote principle of Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) to states, ruling that state legislative districts should be roughly equal in population so that every voter has an equally weighted vote.
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)
Issues: Racial segregation, interstate commerce
Decision: Racial segregation of private facilities engaged in interstate commerce was found unconstitutional.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Issues: Rights of the accused, 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments
Decision: Before questioning suspects held in custody, police must inform suspects that they have the right to remain silent, that anything they say may be used against them, and that they have the right to counsel.
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
Issues: School desegregation, busing
Decision: Ruled that busing students to various schools is an acceptable way to integrate segregated school systems. The Court said that school districts had broad powers to find solutions to the problem of segregation.
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Issues: Students' rights, 1st Amendment freedom of speech
Decision: Students in school may exercise freedom of speech as long as they do not disrupt classwork, create substantial disorder, or interfere with the rights of others.
New York Times v. United States (1971)
Issues: 1st Amendment freedom of press
Decision: The Court limited censorship through "prior restraint" of the press, noting that it is the obligation of the government to prove that actual harm to the nation's security would be caused by the publication.
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Issues: Abortion, 9th Amendment, "right to privacy"
Decision: Decided that states could regulate abortions only in certain circumstances but otherwise a woman's right to an abortion was protected by her right to privacy.
United States v. Nixon (1974)
Issues: Executive privilege, separation of powers
Decision: Executive privilege was subordinate to "the fundamental demands of due process of law in the fair administration of criminal justice." President Nixon had to surrender audiotapes to a special prosecutor.
Regents of the University of CA v. Bakke (1978)
Issues: Affirmative action, 14th Amendment
Decision: The Court held that a university could consider an pplicant's race in making admissions decisions, but the use of strict racial quotas in affirmative action programs was not permissible.
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)
Issues: Students' rights, 4th and 14th Amendments
Decision: School officials, unlike the police, need only "reasonable suspicion" to search students when they believe illegal activity is occurring.
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Issues: 1st Amendment freedom of speech
Decision: Ruled that desecrating the flag as an act of protest is an act of expression protected by the 1st Amendment.
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990)
Issues: "Right to die," 8th Amendment, 14th Amendment
Decision: Individuals have the right to refuse medical treatment, but the State can preserve life unless there is "clear and convincing" evidence that the patient desires the withdrawal of medical treatment.
Board of Education of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens (1990)
Issues: 1st Amendment, Establishment Clause
Decision: Allowing students to meet in noncurricular clubs on campus and discuss religion is constitutional because it does not amount to state sponsorship of a religion.
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania, et al. v. Casey (1992)
Issues: Abortion, 14th Amendment, "right to privacy"
Decision: The Court upheld a woman's "liberty" to have an abortion but also allowed for restrictive state regulations as long as they did not create an "undue burden" or "substantial obstacle" for a woman.
Vernonia School District v. Acton
Issues: Students' rights, 4th Amendment search and seizure
Decision: The Court decided that drug testing of student athletes was constitutional; students' rights can be lessened at school if it is necessary to maintain student safety.
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
Issues: Internet, 1st Amendment, freedom of speech
Decision: Ruled that the 1996 Federal Communications Decency Act violated the 1st Amendment's right to freedom of speech by not clearly defining which Internet materials were "indecent."
Bush v. Gore (2000)
Issues: Election rules, 14th Amendment
Decision: Following the controversial 2000 presidential election, the Supreme Court held that the Florida Supreme Court's plan for recounting ballots was unconstitutional.
Mitchell v. Helms (2000)
Issues: 1st Amendment Establishment Clause
Decision: Ruled that a federal law providing funds for educational materials to public and private schools, including Catholic parochial schools, does not violate the 1st Amendment's Establishment Clause.