Stuttering Ch. 1 And 2

Front 1

Disfluency

Back 1

An interruption of speech--such as a repetition, hesitancy, or prolongations of sound--that may occur in both typically developing individuals and those who stutter.

Front 2

Normal disfluency

Back 2

An interruption of speech in a typically developing individual.

Front 3

Fluency

Back 3

The effortless flow of speech.

Front 4

Repetition

Back 4

A sound, syllable, or single-syllable word that is repeated several times. The speaker is apparently "stuck" on that sound and continues repeating it until the following sound can be produced.

Front 5

Prolongation

Back 5

A stutter in which sound or air flow continues but movement of the articulators is stopped.

Front 6

Block

Back 6

A stutter that is an inappropriate stoppages of the flow of air or voice and often the movement of articulators as well.

Front 7

Core behavior

Back 7

The basic speech behavior of stuttering--repetition, prolongation, and block.

Front 8

Secondary behavior

Back 8

A speaker's reactions to his or her repetitions, prolongations, and blocks in an attempt to end them quickly or avoid them altogethers. Such reactions may begin as random struggle but soon turn into well-learned patterns. Secondary behaviors can be divided into two broad classes: escape and avoidance behaviors.

Front 9

Escape behavior

Back 9

A speaker's attempts to terminate a stutter and finish the word. This occurs when the speaker is already in a moment of stuttering.

Front 10

Avoid behavior

Back 10

A speaker's attempt to prevent stuttering when he or she anticipates stuttering on a word or in a situation. Word-based avoidances are commonly interjections of extra sounds, like "uh," said before the word on which stuttering is expected.

Front 11

Attitude

Back 11

A feeling that has become a pervasive part of a person's beliefs.

Front 12

Heterogeneity

Back 12

Differences among various types of a disorder.

Front 13

Developmental stuttering

Back 13

A term used to denote the most common for of stuttering that develops during childhood (in contrast to stuttering that develops in response to a neurological event or trauma or emotional stress).

Front 14

Prevalence

Back 14

A term used to indicate how widespread a disorder is.

Front 15

Incidence

Back 15

An index of how many people have stuttered at some time in their lives.

Front 16

Anticipation

Back 16

An individual's ability to predict on which words or sounds he or she will stutter.

Front 17

Consistency

Back 17

The tendency for speakers to stutter on the same words when reading a passages several times.

Front 18

Adaptation

Back 18

The tendency for speakers to stutter less and less (up to a point) when repeatedly reading a passage.

Front 19

Anomaly

Back 19

A difference from the normal structure or function.

Front 20

Family studies

Back 20

Examinations of family trees of individuals who stutter to determine the frequency and pattern of the occurrence of stuttering in relatives. These studies can answer questions such as whether males or females are more likely to have children who stutter and whether persistent stuttering (as opposed to natural recovery) is a trait that is inherited.

Front 21

Twin studies

Back 21

Research on the co-occurence of stuttering of both members of a twin pair if one twin stutters; questions such as whether identical twins show more concordance than fraternal twins can be answered, shedding light on the extent of a genetic basis of stuttering.

Front 22

Adoption studies

Back 22

Investigations of stuttering in siblings who were adopted soon after birth and placed with different families. A higher incidence of stuttering among biological relatives than adoptive family members also provides evidence of a genetic basis of stuttering rather than an environmental basis.

Front 23

Persistent stuttering

Back 23

Stuttering that persists for several years after onset, beyond the time at which natural recovery is like to occur.

Front 24

Natural recovery (from stuttering)

Back 24

Stuttering that disappears within a year or two after onset from natural causes rather than treatment.

Front 25

Concordance (in twins)

Back 25

If one twin has a condition, such as stuttering, the other twin also has the condition.

Front 26

Gene

Back 26

A segment of DNA that determines an individual's traits, such as height and weight.

Front 27

DNA

Back 27

A double-stranded molecule passed on from a mother and a father to a child containing the "instruction book" for passing on traits.

Front 28

Congenital factor

Back 28

A physical or psychological trauma that occurred at or near birth that may predispose an individual to develop stuttering

Front 29

Predisposition

Back 29

A susceptibility to developing a condition.

Front 30

Sensory processing

Back 30

Activity of the brain as it interprets information coming from the senses, such as sounds arriving via the ears and auditory nerves.

Front 31

Sensory-motor control

Back 31

The way all movement is carried out with sensory information used before, during, and after to improve the precision of movement.

Front 32

Temperament

Back 32

Aspects of an individual's personality, such as sensitive versus thick skinned, that are thought to be innate rather than learned