Stuttering

Front 1

when does stuttering begin

Back 1

stuttering usually begins in early childhood

Front 2

how is stuttering defined

Back 2

disruption in the fluency of verbal expression

Front 3

stuttering is characterized by?

Back 3

involuntary, audible or silent repetitions or prolongations in the utterance of short elements (sounds, syllables, and words of 1 syllable)

Front 4

what are secondary behaviors of stuttering

Back 4

speech apparatus, related or unrelated body structures or stereotyped speech utterances.

Front 5

often disruptions of stuttering are accompanied by

Back 5

secondary behaviors

Front 6

what are some examples of secondary behaviors

Back 6

pressing lips together

eye blinking

looking away

Front 7

Psychosocial aspect:

Back 7

There is also indications or reports of an emotional state ranging from a general condition of excitement- tension to more specific emotions of a negative nature such as fear, embarrassment, irritation or the like.

Front 8

The longer stuttering persists the more likely.. what will happen?

Back 8

it is more likely that emotional problems will develop.

Front 9

Others’ reactions can affect stuttering but NOT CAUSE it

Back 9

..

Front 10

Children ages (?) to (?) yo can stutter but growout of it

Back 10

2 to 4

Front 11

acquired organic or neurological stuttering

results from...

Back 11

results from trauma to the brain..from stroke,auto accident,drugs or wound

Front 12

psychogeneic stuttering

Back 12

is a rare and reportedly occurs as a result of an emotionally or psychologically traumatic experience.

Front 13

cluttering

Back 13

is a disorder of both speech and language processing resulting in rapid, disrhythmic,sporadic, unorganized, and frequently unintelligible speech.

Front 14

What percentage of people that stutter have a relative that stutters

Back 14

40-60%

Front 15

There are several speaking situations in which stuttering increases

Back 15

...

Front 16

what is the only proven theory of cause of stuttering

Back 16

genetics

Front 17

biochemical and physiological theory of stuttering

Back 17

disproven

Front 18

genetics

Back 18

Some genes have been implicated to account for stuttering, however it is more likely that a number of genes contribute to the manifestation of the disorder.

Front 19

diagnosgenic theory of stuttering

Back 19

Stuttering begins not in the child’smouth but in the parent’s ear. This has been disproven

Front 20

neurotic theory of stuttering

Back 20

disproven

Front 21

true of false: anxiety causes stuttering

Back 21

false, it does not cause stuttering but can affect it

Front 22

operant conditioning and stuttering

Back 22

Researchers demonstrated that stuttering responded very predictably to procedures that rewarded or discouraged the behavior, showing that it could be increased or decreased in the laboratory as function of its consequences.

Front 23

what are the four phases of development of stuttering

Back 23

Stuttering Phase 1: Stuttering is episodic (occurring whenthe child is upset)

Phase 2: Stuttering has become more chronicand the child thinks of himself as a person whostutters

Phase 3: Stuttering may vary in specificsituations. The child who stutters may regardcertain sounds and words as more difficult thanothers

Phase 4: The person who stutters fearfullyanticipates stuttering; fears words, sounds, andsituations; makes frequent word substitutions.

Front 24

what are the four methods that stutterers use to avoid stuttering

Back 24

1 substitution

2 circumlocution

3 starters

4 postponement

Front 25

substitution

Back 25

Replacing one word with another

Front 26

circumlocution

Back 26

The person uses additional words and rearranges word order in attempts to get around anticipated or actual in the moment stuttering.

Front 27

starters

Back 27

Another trick or avoidance.Attempts to say a word with a sudden movement of the body such as a head jerk.

Front 28

postponement

Back 28

Temporal delay used by the person who stutters as he or she attempts to speak. (“Um, um, um,um)

Front 29

Types of therapy for stuttering

Back 29

1.Fluency Shaping

2. Stuttering Modification

3. Electronic devices

4. Parent-Directed Intervention

Front 30

fluency shaping

Back 30

Involves decreasing the occurrence of stuttered speech. Goal is for the client to speak for fluently.

1. Vocal fold management

2. Proper breathing

3. Gentle use of the articulators

4. Slow rate of speech

Front 31

stuttering modification

Back 31

The client learns to stutter in aneasier, more controlled manner. Themajor goals are for the client toconfront fears and avoidances,modify his/her disfluencies so that they are less conspicuous, and maintain control of his speech duringinstances of stuttering.

Front 32

electronic devices

Back 32

speech easy

allows them to hear their voice echoed back

Front 33

parent directed intervention

Back 33

Parent directed programs rely on theparents to provide treatment to thechild once they have been trained byan SLP.

goal is to completely rid the child of stuttering