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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are elements arranged in the periodic table of elements?
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Elements are arranged in order of atomic number (# of protons in the nucleus)
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What are electronically neutral elements?
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Electrically neutral elements have the same number of electrons as protons in each atom
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What are Bohr-Rutherford diagrams?
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Bohr-Rutherford diagrams illustrate the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom and the arrangement of the electrons.
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List the ten features that you can get from the periodic table of elements.
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- Valence Electrons - Chemical Groups - Number of Shells - # of Protons - # of Neutrons - # of Electrons - Whether its a metalloid, metal or a non-metal - Atomic Mass - Atomic Number - Whether its a solid, liquid or gas |
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What are valence electrons?
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Valence Electrons are a term that describe the outermost orbital for any atom. The number of valence electrons varies for each atom.
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What is a Lewis Diagram?
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Lewis dot diagrams are a diagram that outline the valence electrons that an element has. The element symbol is in the center with a dot being added each time in clockwise.
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What is forming ions?
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Forming ions is really predicting what ions will form when two atoms come close to each other. All atoms want to gain or lose enough electrons to have a full outer shell. They want something called a stable-electron configuration.
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What are cations and anions?
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Cations are when an atom loses an electron to gain a full valence shell and becomes positively charged. Cations are for metals. Anions are when an atom gains an electron to gain a full valence shell and becomes negatively charged. Anions are for non-metals.
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What is nomenclature?
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Nomenclature is the science for naming chemical substances. There are specific rules about naming and developing chemical formulas for molecules.
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What are the three rules of nomenclature?
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Rule 1 - Non-metals always have a suffix change to `-ide` Rule 2 - The charges that forms on a cation (metal) or anion (non-metal) is predictable and is always constant Rule 3 - The cross over method is when you list the element symbols along with their oxidation states and you cross over the numbers to form the compound that they would create. |
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What are multi-oxidation metals?
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Multi-oxidation metals, or transition metals are metals that can gain or lose a different number of electrons to gain a full valence shell.
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What are polyatomic ions?
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Polyatomic ions are groups of non-metals that are bonded together to from an ion that, with the exception of ammonium, all have negative charges.
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What is a covalent bond?
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A covalent bond is when two or more non-metals try and combine in a chemical reaction. Since neither non-metal wants to give up their electrons, they from a covalent bond where they share the electrons.
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What are diatomic molecules?
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Diatomic molecules are molecules consisting of two atoms joined with a covalent bond.
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What are the diatomic molecules?
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1. Hydrogen 2. Oxygen 3. Fluorine 4. Bromine 5. Iodine 6. Nitrogen 7. Chlorine ***THE POWERFUL SEVEN PLUS ONE*** |
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What is dioxide?
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O2(subscript)
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What are the 6 physical features of ionic compounds?
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Ionic compounds are: - Hard and brittle - Solids - High Melting Point (100-1000C) - Very Soluable - Electronic conductivity is good when the compound is dissolved or melted - Ionic compound is a metal and a non-metal together |
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What are the 6 physical features of molecular compounds?
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Ionic compounds are: - Soft and malleable - Soft solids, liquids or gases - Low Melting Point - Not Very Soluable - Not very electronically conductive - Molecular compound is a non-metal and a non-metal together |
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What is the law of conservation of mass?
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The law of the conservation of mass is that with any given reaction, the mass of the reactants is equal to that of the products.
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What is the common state symbol for aqueous?
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aq
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What are endothermic reactions?
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Reactions in which heat is given off as a product. These will heat up, blow up or catch on fire. |
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What are exothermic reactions?
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Reactions in which heat is absorbed or must be constantly added as a reactant.
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What are the six different type of reactions?
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They are: 1. Exothermic Reaction: Heat is given off as a product 2. Endothermic Reaction: Heat is absorbed or must be constantly added as a reactant 3. Synthesis Reaction: Two or more reactants join together to form one product 4. Decomposition Reaction: A single compound breaks down into two or more products 5. Single Displacement Reaction: Reactions between an element and a compound 6. Double Displacement Reaction: Reactions between two different compounds, where they trade the non-metals and the metals |
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What are combustion reactions?
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Combustion reactions are the special class of reactions involving the combination of hydrocarbon compounds with oxygen. They are almost always extremely exo-thermic.
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What is corrosion?
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Corrosion is the break down of metal resulting from reactions with chemicals in its environment.
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What is an Acid/Base Indicator?
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Indicators are substances that can identify which solution is acid, base or water. They work by reacting differently with the molecules in acid than they do with a base.
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What colour does bromothymol blue turn in an acid? And phenolpthalien and litmus?
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Bromothymol Blue: Yellow Phenolpthalien: Colourless Litmus: Red |
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What colour does bromothymol blue turn in an base? And phenolpthalien and litmus?
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Bromothymol Blue: Blue Phenolpthalien: Pink Litmus: Blue |
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What are acids? Where are they on the pH scale?
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Acids are a substance that can give up hydrogen ions (protons) or simply are proton donors. To be classified as an acid you have to be less than 7.
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What are bases? Where are they on the pH scale?
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Bases are a substance that can accept or receive hydrogen ions (protons) or simply a proton receiver. To be classified as a base you have to be greater than 7.
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What is ionization?
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Ionization is when an ionic substance is placed in water, it will split into each ion and dissolve easily. Most acids and bases will ionize in water.
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What is pH? What does it stand for?
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pH is a mathematical of the amount of Hydrogen (H) or protons that can be found in a solution. The calculation is based on the ionization of neutral water.
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What is neutralization?
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Reactions between an acid and a base which alter the pH towards neutral is called neutralization. These move pH towards '7'.
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What are the five different influences on the rates of reaction? Explain them each briefly.
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The four different rates of reaction are: 1. Temperature - As temperature increases, the reaction rate increases. Particles move faster at higher temperatures and thus will collide more often, resulting in more reactions. 2. Concentration - As concentration increases, the reaction rate increases. At higher concentrations, there are more particles to collide and more frequent reactions. 3. Surface Area - As more area is exposed, there is a greater chance that particles collide therefore rate increases. 4. Catalyst - Substances that increase the rate without actually being used up. Because they are not used up, they can be reused to perform the same reaction over and over. 5. Enzymes - Proteins that are made by the human body to control the rate of reactions. |
